Hypothesis Testing

NELSON D. GURAY, MOM

Faculty, College of Teacher Education
 Inferential Statistics

 Inferential statistics are concerned

with making inferences based on
relations found in the sample, to
relations in the population..
 Inferential Statistics

 Inferential statistics help us decide

whether the differences between
groups that we see in our data are
strong enough to provide support
for our hypothesis that group
differences exist in general, in the
entire population.
 Hypothesis Testing

 A hypothesis is an
assumption, an idea that is
proposed for the sake of
argument so that it can be
tested to see if it might be true.
(Merriam-Webster)
 Significant Difference

 When comparing mean differences

between groups, we use test of
significant difference.
 Two groups: use t-test
 Three or more groups: use
Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA)
 t-test

 A t-test is a type of
inferential statistic used to determine if
there is a significant difference between
the means of two groups, which may be
related in certain features.
Example: We want to determine if the
difference
of the means of two groups is
significant.

Group A = 89.56 Group B =

 Types of t-test

1. Independent Samples t-test. The

independent samples t-test (also called the
unpaired samples t-test) is the most common
form of the t-test. It helps you to compare
the means of two sets of data.
Example: For example, you could run a
t-test to see if the average test scores of
males and females are different.
 Types of t-test

2. Paired Samples t-test. A paired t-test

(also called a correlated pairs t-test, a paired
samples t test or dependent samples t-test)
is where you run a t test on dependent
samples. Dependent samples are essentially
connected — they are tests on the same
person or thing.
Example: comparing Pretest and
Posttest
scores of students in Math
 Types of t-test

3. Ones Samples t-test. The one sample

t-test compares the mean of your sample
data to a known value.
For example, you might want to know how
your sample mean compares to the
population mean. You should run a one
sample t test when you don’t know the
population standard deviation or you have a
small sample size.
One-way Analysis of
Variance
The one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) is used to determine whether there
are any statistically significant differences
between the means of three or more
independent (unrelated) groups.
For example, you might want to know if the
mean differences on the attitude of First
Year, Second Year, Third Year, and Fourth
Year BEED students toward Cyberbullying.
 Hypothesis Testing

 Hypothesis testing is a form

of statistical inference that uses
data from a sample to draw
conclusions about a
population parameter or a
population probability
 It is used to estimate the
distribution.
relationship between 2
statistical variables.
 Statistical Hypothesis
Samples

A teacher assumes that 60% of his

students come from lower - class
families.
 A doctor believes that 3D (Diet,
Dose, and Discipline) is 90%
effective for diabetic patients.
 Types of Statistical
Hypothesis

1. Null hypothesis
2. Alternative hypothesis
 Null Hypothesis

A null hypothesis (Ho) is a type

of statistical hypothesis that
proposes that no statistical
significance exists in a set of
given observations and it is used
to assess the credibility of a
hypothesis by using sample data.
 Null Hypothesis

It is also known as the conjecture,

is used in quantitative analysis to
test theories about markets,
investing strategies, or economies
to decide if an idea is true or
false.
 Alternative
Hypothesis
The alternative hypothesis is
the hypothesis used in hypothesis
testing that is contrary to the null
hypothesis. It is usually taken to
be that the observations are the
result of a real effect (with some
amount of chance variation
superposed).
 Example: Null and Alternative
Hypothesis
You want to know whether there is a difference in
longevity between two groups of mice fed on
different diets, diet A and diet B. You can
statistically test the difference between these two
diets using a two-tailed t test.
• Null hypothesis (H0): there is no
significant difference in longevity
between the two groups.
• Alternative hypothesis
(Ha or H1): there is a significant
difference in longevity between the two
groups.
 Example: Null and Alternative
Hypothesis
Mr. Diaz wants to know if there is significant
difference in the performance of students in
Trigonometry between a class under cooperative
learning approach and a class under the usual
approach.
• Null hypothesis (H0): there is no significant
difference in the performance in Trigonometry
between the two classes.
• Alternative hypothesis
(Ha or H1): there is a significant difference
in the performance in Trigonometry between
the two classes.
 Types of Error and
Significance Level
Type I Error (. A type I error occurs if a
true null hypothesis is rejected (a “false
positive”). In other words, it is
detecting an effect that is not present.
Type II Error . A type II error
occurs if a false null hypothesis is
not rejected (a “false negative”). A
type II error is failing to detect an
effect that is present.
Types of Error
Type I errors, also known as false positives, occur when
you see things that are not there. Type II errors, or false
negatives, occur when you don’t see things that are there
If the null hypothesis is rejected, the
data does provide sufficient evidence
to support the alternative hypothesis.

If the null hypothesis is not

rejected, the data does not
provide sufficient evidence to
support the alternative
hypothesis.
 p - Value

In order to make a decision

whether to reject the null hypothesis
a test statistic is calculated. The
decision is made on the basis of the
numerical value of the test statistic.
 p - Value

The p-value is the probability of

obtaining results at least as extreme as
the observed results of a
statistical hypothesis test, assuming
that the null hypothesis is correct.
 The p-value serves as an
alternative to rejection points to
provide the smallest level of
significance at which the null
hypothesis would be rejected.
cified significance level αα, the null hypothesis is rejected; otherwise, the null hypothesis is not rejected. In other words, if p≤αp≤α, reject H0H0
pecified significance level αα, the null hypothesis is rejected; otherwise, the null hypothesis is not rejected. In other words, if p≤αp≤α, reject H0

If the p-value is less than or equal to the

specified significance level , the null
hypothesis is rejected; otherwise, the
null hypothesis is not rejected.

If do not reject
 Guidelines for using the p-value to
assess the evidence against the null
hypothesis (Weiss, 2010)
 𝒑 ≤ 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟓
A p-value less than 0.05 (typically
≤ 0.05) is statistically
significant. It indicates strong
evidence against the null
hypothesis, as there is less than a
5% probability the null is correct
(and the results are random).
Therefore, we reject the null
hypothesis, and accept the
 𝒑 ≤ 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟓
if the p-value is below the threshold
of significance (typically p < 0.05),
we can reject the null hypothesis,
but this does not mean that there is
a 95% probability that the
alternative hypothesis is true. The p-
value is conditional upon the null
hypothesis being true, but is
unrelated to the truth or falsity of
the alternative hypothesis.
 𝒑 > 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟓
A p-value higher than 0.05 (> 0.05) is not
statistically significant and indicates strong
evidence for the null hypothesis. This means
we retain the null hypothesis and reject the
alternative hypothesis.
You should note that you
cannot accept the null
hypothesis, we can only
reject
McLeod, S. A.the(2019, Maynull or
20). What fail
a p-value toabout
tells you
reject it.
statistical significance. Simply Psychology.
www.simplypsychology.org/p-value.html
Thank you!