The American University in Cairo

Department of Mathematics and

Actuarial Science

MACT 1122
Calculus 2

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 Chapter 11

Sec. 11.10
Taylor and Maclaurin
Series
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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 What is my
objectives in
this Lecture ??

1. Talyor Series

2. Maclaurin Series

3. Binomial Series

4. Multiplication & Division of power series

Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024

 Two Type of Power Series

Is a power series Is a power series

centered at x = 0. centered at x = a.

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 Taylor Series
• We start by supposing that f is any function that can be
represented by a power series

• f (x) = c0 + c1(x – a) + c2(x – a)2 + c3(x – a)3 + c4(x – a)4 + . . .

|x–a|<R

• We need the coefficients cn that must be in terms of f.

• Let x = a in Equation 1, then all terms after the first one are 0
and we get

f(a) = c0
Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
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 f (x) = c0 + c1(x – a) + c2(x – a)2 + c3(x – a)3 + c4(x – a)4 + . . .

• We can differentiate the series term by term:

f (x) = c1 + 2c2(x – a) + 3c3(x – a)2 + 4c4(x – a)3 + . . .

and substitution of x = a in Equation 2 gives

f (a) = c1

• Now we differentiate both sides of Equation 2 and obtain

f (x) = 2c2 + 2  3c3(x – a) + 3  4c4(x – a)2 + . . .

Again we put x = a in Equation 3. The result is

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 f (x) = 2c2 + 2  3c3(x – a) + 3  4c4(x – a)2 + . . .
• Let’s apply the procedure one more time. Differentiation of
the series f (x) gives

f '''(x) = 2  3c3 + 2  3  4c4(x – a) + 3  4  5c5(x – a)2 + ....

and substitution of x = a in Equation 4 gives

f '''(a) = 2  3c3 = 3!c3

• By now you can see the pattern. If we continue to

differentiate and substitute x = a, we obtain

• f (n) (a) = 2  3  4  . . .  ncn = n!cn

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 f (n) (a) = n!cn

• Solving this equation for the nth coefficient cn,

we get

• This formula remains valid even for n = 0 if we

adopt the conventions that 0! = 1 and f(0) = f

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 9
Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 Taylor Series
• Substituting this formula for cn back into the
series, we see that if f has a power series
expansion at a, then it must be of the following
form.

The series is called the Taylor series of the

function f at a (or about a or centered at a).
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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 Maclaurin Series
• For the special case a = 0 the Taylor series
becomes

• This case arises frequently enough that it is

given the special name Maclaurin series.

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 Example
• Find the Maclaurin series of the function f(x) = ex
and its radius of convergence.
Solution
If f (x) = ex, then f (n)(x) = ex,
f (n)(0) = e0 = 1 for all n.
Therefore the Maclaurin series

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 cont’d

• To find the radius of convergence we let an = xn/n!.

• Then

• so, by the Ratio Test, the series converges for all x and
the radius of convergence is R = .

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 Example
• Find the Maclaurin series of the function
f(x)= sin( x ).
Solution
f (x) = sin x f (0) = 0
f (x) = cos x f (0) = 1
f (x) = - sin x f (0) = 0
f '''(x) = - cos x f '''(0) = -1
f(4) (x) = sin x f(n)(0) = 0

+…. =
Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 Example
Find the Maclaurin series for f (x) = (1 + x)k, where k is
any real number.
Solution
we have
• f (x) = (1 + x)k f (0) = 1
• f (x) = k(1 + x)k – 1 f (0) = k
• f (x) = k(k – 1)(1 + x)k – 2 f (0) = k(k – 1)
• f '''(x) = k(k – 1)(k – 2)(1 + x)k – 3 f '''(0) = k(k – 1)(k – 2)
• . .

• . .

• f(n) (x) = k(k – 1) . . . (k – n + 1) (1 + x)k – n

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
cont’d

• Therefore the Maclaurin series of f (x) = (1 + x)k is

• These numbers are called the binomial coefficients.

• The traditional notation for these coefficients is

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 Binomial Series

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 Some important Maclaurin series

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 Example
a) Use the binomial series to expand the function as
a power series .
b) Use part (a) to find McLaurin series for sin-1 x

Solution
We must write the binomial in the form (1
+expression)

√ 1− 𝑥
1
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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
=¿
¿¿ 19
 +
+…

∞
¿ 1+ ∑ ( −1) ¿ ¿ ¿
𝑛

𝑛 =1
∞
𝑑𝑥
𝑥=∫ ¿2 1 + ∑ ( − 1 )
−1 𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ¿¿
√1 − 𝑥 𝑛 =1
∞
¿ 𝑥+ ∑ ( −1 ) ¿ ¿ ¿
𝑛

𝑛=1

=0 as
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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 Importance of Taylor Series

1. It enables us to integrate functions that we

couldn’t previously handle.

2. The limit could be found with l’Hospital’s

Rule, but instead we use a series.

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 Example

a) Evaluate as an infinite series.

b) Evaluate correct to within an error of 0.001.

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 Solution
First we find the Maclaurin series for
∞
(− 𝑥 ) n 2 ∞
𝑥2𝑛
=∑ ¿ ∑ ( −1 ) n
2
−𝑥
𝑒
𝑛=0 (𝑛)! 𝑛=0 (𝑛) !
+….

we integrate term by term

=

=C+

This Series converges as the original series

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 =

1 1 1 1
¿1− + − + ≈ 0.7475
3 10 42 216

The Alternating Series Estimation Theorem

shows that the error involved in this
approximation is less than
< 0.0001

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 Example
𝑥
lim 𝑒 − 1 − 𝑥
𝑥 →0
Solution
𝑥 2
Using Maclaurin series for
❑ 2 3
x x x
lim (1+ + + +….)− 1− 𝑥
𝑥 →0 1! 2 ! 3 !
2
𝑥
2 3 4
x x x
lim + + +… = =
𝑥 →0 2 ! 3! 4!
2
𝑥

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 Example
Find the sum of the Series
∞
( 10 ) n
∑ ( 3 ) n(𝑛)!
𝑛=0

Solution
∞
( 𝑥 )n
𝑒 =∑
𝑥

𝑛=0 ( 𝑛)!

∑( )
∞ 𝑛 10
10 1 3
=𝑒
Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024 3 𝑛! 26
 Multiplication and Division of
Power Series

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 Example
Find the first three nonzero terms in the Maclaurin
series for
(a) ex sin x
(b) tan x.

Solution

(a) Using the Maclaurin series for ex and sin x

we have

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
cont’d

• We multiply these expressions, collecting

like terms :

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
 cont’d
(b) Using the Maclaurin series in Table 1, we have

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Math 1122 Dr. Abeer Kamel Spring 2024
End of Syllabus
Math 1122