Scribd
Upload
10 views

Tutorial 2

Uploaded by

wwabdualhayhendos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views

Tutorial 2

Uploaded by

wwabdualhayhendos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Electromagnetics II

Tutorial 2

1
Wave equation

• Where is called the phase constant or wave


number, and is given in radians per meter.
• ) wave propagating in the +ve z-­direction (forward-
traveling),
• positive sign wave is traveling in the –ve z-direction
(backward-traveling or negative-going wave).
2
Wave Properties
• A wave travelling at speed repeats itself every
wavelength in a time know as the period

But = 1/f , where f is the frequency (the number


of cycles per second) of the wave in hertz (Hz)

3
Example 1:

4
Wave Propagation
• In this tutorial, our major goal is to solve Maxwell’s
equations and describe EM wave motion in the
following media:
1. Free space (σ=0, ε= εo, μ= μo)
2. Lossless dielectrics (σ0, ε= εr εo, μ= μr μo, or σωε)
3. Lossy dielectrics (σ0, ε= εr εo, μ= μr μo)
4. Good conductors (σ ∞, ε= εo, μ= μr μo, or σωε)

5
Wave Propagation in Lossy Dielectrics

where η is the intrinsic impedance, in ohms, of


the medium

where  is the attenuation constant or


coefficient.
Notice the lag in phase due to the complex
intrinsic impedance, therefore leads by .
6
7
Wave Propagation in Lossy Dielectrics

Where is called the propagation constant of


the medium
8
Wave Propagation in Lossy Dielectrics

where is known as the loss tangent and is the


loss angle of the medium
Note that
9
Complex Permitivity

10
Wave Propagation in Lossy Dielectrics
• if , , and are unit vectors along E, H, and the
direction of wave propagation;

11
Example 2:

12
13
Plane Waves in Lossless Dielectrics
• In a lossless dielectric, σωε
σ0, ε = εoεr, μ = μoμr

• and thus E and H are in time phase with each


other.

14
Example 3:

15
16
Plane Waves in Free Space
σ0, ε = εo, μ = μo

17
Example 4:

18
19
Plane Waves in Good Conductors
, ε = εo, μ = μoμr

20
Plane Waves in Good Conductors
• The distance through which the wave
amplitude decreases to a factor (about 37% of
the original value) is called skin depth or
penetration depth of the medium

21
Plane Waves in Good Conductors
• The skin effect is the tendency of charges to
migrate from the bulk of the conducting material
to the surface, resulting in higher resistance.
• We define the surface or skin resistance as

22
Example 5:
a) Determine the dc resistance of a round copper wire (
b) Find the ac resistance at 100 MHz. (for copper at 100 MHz,
c) Calculate the approximate frequency at which dc and ac resistances are equal

23
Assignment
1. The electric field intensity of a uniform plane wave in air is
given by

a) Calculate
b) Determine the location(s) where vanishes at
c) Find

2. A 10 GHz wave passes through a medium made of copper (;


find:
a) The attenuation constant
b) The skin depth
c) The intrinsic impedance
24

You might also like