Lecture #1

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING, CS-201

Topic: “Introduction to Programming”

BOOK: Deitel & Deitel – C++ How to Program

(10 th Edition)
Chapter 1: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7

101 EC
20/05/2024 Total no. of slides = 14
 Learning Objectives

After the lesson learners will learn about

Computer and its organization

Programming
Different computer programming languages
History

Asst. Prof. Dr SALAHUDDIN, School of Humanities and Sciences (S H & S), NUST, PAF Asghar Khan Academey,
 What is a Computer?
◦ A computer is an electronic device that takes input from the user and
processes these data under the control of a set of instructions (called a
program) gives the result (output) and saves it for future use. It can
process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical)
calculations.
◦ Hardware – various devices comprising a computer
◦ Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM, and processing units

◦ Software – programs that run a computer

Asst. Prof. Dr SALAHUDDIN, School of Humanities and Sciences (S H & S), NUST, PAF Asghar Khan Academey,
 Computer Organization

◦ Six logical units in every computer:

1. Input unit
◦ obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse)
2. Output unit
◦ outputs information (to screen, to printer, to control other devices)
3. Memory unit
◦ rapid access, low capacity, stores input information
4. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
◦ performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions

5. Central processing unit (CPU)

◦ supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer

6. Secondary storage unit

◦ cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage, stores inactive programs

Asst. Prof. Dr SALAHUDDIN, School of Humanities and Sciences (S H & S), NUST, PAF Asghar Khan Academey,
 What is programming?
Definition:
"A program is a precise sequence of steps to solve a particular
problem.”
It means that when we say that we have a program, it actually means
that we know about a complete set activities to be performed in a
particular order. The purpose of these activities is to solve a given
problem.

Asst. Prof. Dr SALAHUDDIN, School of Humanities and Sciences (S H & S), NUST, PAF Asghar Khan Academey,
Machine Languages, Assembly Languages, and High-level
Languages

◦ Three types of programming languages

1. Machine language (Low-level language)

2. Assembly languages

3. High-level languages (C, C++ and C# etc)

Asst. Prof. Dr SALAHUDDIN, School of Humanities and Sciences (S H & S), NUST, PAF Asghar Khan Academey,
 1. Machine language (Low-level language)

– Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions

– It is a series of numbers, which is not easy for humans to read.
– Example:
1111000
1010101
1100110

Asst. Prof. Dr SALAHUDDIN, School of Humanities and Sciences (S H & S), NUST, PAF Asghar Khan Academey,
 2. Assembly languages (Low-level language)

– English-like abbreviations
representing elementary
computer operations
(Mnemonics translated via
assemblers)
– Programmers can write human-
readable programs that
correspond almost exactly to
machine language.
– Example:
MOV TOTAL, 48 ; Transfer the
value 48 in the memory variable
TOTAL
ADD AH, BH ; Add the content
of the BH register into the AH
register
AND MASK1, 128 ; Perform AND
operation on the variable MASK1
and 128

Asst. Prof. Dr SALAHUDDIN, School of Humanities and Sciences (S H & S), NUST, PAF Asghar Khan Academey,
 3. High-level languages

◦ Similar to everyday English and use mathematical notations (translated

via compilers) like C, C++ and C#.
◦ Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay

Asst. Prof. Dr SALAHUDDIN, School of Humanities and Sciences (S H & S), NUST, PAF Asghar Khan Academey,
 Some other High-level Languages
◦ A few other high-level languages have achieved broad acceptance
◦ FORTRAN
◦ for scientific and engineering applications
◦ COBOL
◦ used to manipulate large amounts of data
◦ Pascal
◦ intended for academic use
◦ C++
◦ advance version of C. applications in accounting and finance systems
◦ Java
◦ used over the internet.
◦ PL/1
◦ Programming Language one. Designed to use the key features of FORTRAN,
COBOL and ALGOL.

Asst. Prof. Dr SALAHUDDIN, School of Humanities and Sciences (S H & S), NUST, PAF Asghar Khan Academey,
 Language translators

◦ Any program written in a high level languageis known as source code.

However, computers cannot understand source code. Before it can be
run, source code must first be translated into a form which a computer
understands - this form is called object code.
◦ A translator is a program that converts source code into object code.
Generally, there are three types of translator:

compilers

interpreters

assemblers

Asst. Prof. Dr SALAHUDDIN, School of Humanities and Sciences (S H & S), NUST, PAF Asghar Khan Academey,
 History of C++

Asst. Prof. Dr SALAHUDDIN, School of Humanities and Sciences (S H & S), NUST, PAF Asghar Khan Academey,
 History of C++
◦ C++ evolved from C, which evolved from two previous programming
languages, BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) and B.

◦ C++ programs consist of pieces called classes and functions

◦ There are rich collections of existing classes and functions in the C++
standard library available for all programmers to use.

◦ C++ “spruces up” C and provides capabilities for object-oriented

programming
◦ objects - reuseable software components, model things in the real world

◦ Object-oriented programs are easy to understand, correct and modify

Bjarne Stroustrup, AT&T New Jersey office, c.

2000
Asst. Prof. Dr SALAHUDDIN, School of Humanities and Sciences (S H & S), NUST, PAF Asghar Khan Academey,
Practice Exercise
Q #1: Differentiate between C and C++ language. Also explain that why C is called
structural/procedural language and C++ is called an object oriented programming
language.
Q #2: Differentiate between Interpreter and Compiler. Give example in each case.

◦ Useful links:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdTzHmjMYBc
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBjjnqG0BP8
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsYLwJNv4l4

Bjarne Stroustrup,
Professor of Computer Science,

Columbia University, July 2022.

Asst. Prof. Dr SALAHUDDIN, School of Humanities and Sciences (S H & S), NUST, PAF Asghar Khan Academey,