UNIT IV
System Analysis and Design: The work of a system analyst- SDLC-System
design – AGILE Model – Waterfall Model – Spiral Model – Iterative and
Incremental Model - RAD Model - Requirement analysis-Data flow diagram,
relationship diagram, design- Implementation-Evaluation and maintenance
of MIS, Database System: Overview of Database- Components-advantages
and disadvantages of database; Data Warehousing and Data Mining;
Business Intelligence; Artificial Intelligence; Expert System; Big Data; Cyber
Safety and Security- Cryptography; RSA Model of Encryption; Data Science -
Block Chain Technology; E-commerce and E-Business models; IOT - RFID.
System Analysis and Design
Definition of System Analysis
Study of an existing system to identify its
components and workflow.
Role of a System Analyst
• Problem solver
• Communicates between stakeholders
• Designs solutions
SDLC (System Development Life Cycle)
Phases of SDLC:
• Planning
• System Analysis
• System Design
• Implementation
• Testing
• Maintenance
System Design
Key Aspects of System Design:
• Architectural Design
• Data Design
• Interface Design
• Procedural Design
Agile Model
• Iterative and incremental approach
• Focus on collaboration, customer feedback, and rapid delivery
• Key methodologies: Scrum, Kanban
Waterfall Model
• Linear and sequential approach
• Phases must be completed before moving to
the next
Spiral Model
• Combines iterative
development and
risk management
• Suited for large,
complex, and high-
risk projects
Iterative and Incremental Model
Focus on repeating cycles (iterations) and
gradually improving the product
RAD Model
• Emphasizes quick development and iteration
• Useful for software that needs rapid delivery
Requirement Analysis
• Requirement analysis is the process of
identifying user expectations for a new or
modified system.
• Goal:
– To understand what the users need from the
system and how the system will meet these needs.
• Ensures system aligns with user needs and
business objectives.
• Reduces the chances of project failure.
• Helps in managing scope and preventing
scope creep.
• Serves as the foundation for system design
and development.
Steps in Requirement Analysis
• Requirement Gathering:Interviews, surveys,
observations, document analysis.
• Requirement Elicitation:Stakeholders and users
provide inputs.
• Requirement Documentation:Creating detailed
requirement specifications (SRS).
• Requirement Validation:Ensuring requirements
are clear, complete, and feasible.
Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
• The flow of data in a system or process is
represented by a DFD.
• It also gives insight into the inputs and outputs of
each entity and the process itself.
• DFD does not have a control flow and no loops or
decision rules are present.
• It is a graphical tool, useful for communicating with
users, managers and other personnel. it is useful for
analyzing existing as well as proposed systems.
DFD Symbols
14
Logical Data Flow Diagram of Online Grocery Store
Physical Data Flow Diagram of online Grocery Store
Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)
An Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) is a
graphical representation of entities and their
relationships in a database system.
• Purpose:
To visualize how data is structured and related
within the system.
Why ERD?
• Provides a clear picture of system structure.
• Ensures efficient database design.
• Helps to prevent data redundancy and
maintain consistency.
• Bridges the gap between business processes
and database structure.
Implementation of MIS
• MIS (Management Information System) refers
to a system designed to provide managers
with the tools to organize, evaluate, and
manage departments efficiently.
• Purpose: To improve decision-making,
streamline operations, and optimize the
management process through the use of
technology and data.
Challenges in MIS Implementation
• Resistance to Change:
– Employees may resist adopting new systems due to fear of the
unknown.
• Cost Overruns:
– MIS implementation projects can exceed budget if not carefully
managed.
• Data Migration Issues:
– Transferring data from legacy systems to the new MIS can be complex
and prone to errors.
• Technical Issues:
– Unforeseen technical challenges can arise during implementation.
• User Training:
– Insufficient training can lead to improper use of the system.
Best Practices for Successful MIS
Implementation
• Involve Stakeholders Early: Engage users and managers
during the planning and design phases to ensure the system
meets their needs.
• Conduct Thorough Testing: Ensure rigorous testing is
conducted to prevent issues after deployment.
• Provide Comprehensive Training: Equip users with the
knowledge to effectively use the new system.
• Develop a Clear Implementation Plan: Follow a well-
defined plan with timelines and milestones.
• Monitor Performance Post-Launch: Continuously evaluate
the system’s performance and make necessary adjustments.
Evaluation and Maintenance of MIS
• Evaluation: Checking system effectiveness,
performance
• Maintenance: Updating and modifying the
system as required
Database and Database Management System (DBMS)
• Collection of interrelated data
• Set of programs to access the data
• DBMS contains information about a
particular enterprise
• DBMS provides an environment that is both
convenient and efficient to use.
– Human resources: employee records, salaries,
tax deductions
Basic Definitions
• Database:
– A collection of related data.
• Data:
– Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning.
• Mini-world:
– Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a database.
For example, student grades and transcripts at a university.
• Database Management System (DBMS):
– A software package/ system to facilitate the creation and maintenance
of a computerized database.
• Database System:
– The DBMS software together with the data itself. Sometimes, the
applications are also included.
Database Management System
• Database Applications:
– Banking: all transactions
– Airlines: reservations, schedules
– Universities: registration, grades
– Sales: customers, products, purchases
– Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply
chain
– Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
• Databases touch all aspects of our lives
Purpose of Database System
• Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
– Data redundancy and inconsistency
• Multiple file formats, duplication of information in
different files
– Difficulty in accessing data
• Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
– Data isolation — multiple files and formats
Purpose of Database Systems
• Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
– Integrity problems
• Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become part of
program code
• Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
– Atomicity of updates
• Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial
updates carried out
• E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either
complete or not happen at all
Purpose of Database Systems
• Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
– Concurrent access by multiple users
• Concurrent accessed needed for performance
• Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
– E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the
same time
– Security problems
• Database systems solve the above problems
– A database system is a computerized data-keeping system
Data
ID Name Phone Email
Andy
du
34567 Sally 563-3422
[email protected] u
Impact of Databases and Database
Technology
• Businesses: Banking, Insurance, Retail,
Transportation, Healthcare, Manufacturing
• Service industries: Financial, Real-estate, Legal,
Electronic Commerce, Small businesses
• Education : Resources for content and Delivery
• More recently: Social Networks, Environmental
and Scientific Applications, Medicine and Genetics
• Personalized applications: based on smart mobile
devices
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