FLUID MECHANICS

Engr. Jemuel D. Almerol

CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: Properties of Fluids
 Introduction
* Nomenclature
* Dimensions and Units
* Basic Concepts of Fluid Flow
 Density
 Compressibility
 Ideal Gases
* Equation of State
* Mixtures of Ideal Gases
* Thermodynamic Properties
* Speed of Sound in Ideal Gases
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Problems

If an object has a mass of 22 kg at sea level, (a) what will be its

weight at a point where the acceleration due to gravity g = 9.75
m/s2?
(b) What will be the mass at that point?
Problems

What is the weight of a 45 – kg boulder if it is brought to a place

where the acceleration due to gravity is 395 m/s per minute?
Problems

If the specific volume of a certain gas is 0.7848 m3 / kg, what is

its specific weight?
Problems

What is the specific weight of air at 480 kPa absolute at 21°C?

Problems

Find the mass density of helium at a temperature of 4°C and a

pressure of 184 kPa gage, if atmospheric pressure is 101.92 kPa.
(R=2079 J/kg-K)
Problems

Air is kept at a pressure of 200 kPa absolute and a temperature

of 30℃ in a 500 – liter container. What is the mass of the air?
Problems

A cylindrical tank 80 cm in diameter and 90 cm high is filled with

a liquid. The tank and the liquid weighed 420 kg. The weight of
the empty tank is 40 kg. What is the unit weight of the liquid in
kN/m3 ?
Problems

A lead cube has a total mass of 80 kg. What is the length of its
side? Specific gravity of lead is 11.3
Problems

A liquid compressed in a container has a volume of 1 liter at a

pressure of 1 MPa and a volume of 0.995 liter at a pressure of 2
MPa. What is the bulk modulus of elasticity of the liquid?
Problems

What pressure is required to reduce the volume of water by 0.6

percent? Bulk modulus of elasticity
of water is 2.2 GPa
Problems

Problems

If 9 m3 of an ideal gas at 24℃ and 150 kPa is compressed to 2

m3,
(a) What is the resulting pressure assuming isothermal conditions
(b)What would have been the pressure and temperature if the
process is isentropic ? Use k = 1.3
Problems

If the viscosity of water at 70℃ is 0.00402 poise and its specific

gravity is 0.978, determine its absolute viscosity in Pa-s and its
kinematic viscosity in m2/s and in stokes
Problems

them is filled with liquid of viscosity μ = 0.958 Pa-s. Assuming the

Two large plane surface are 25 mm apart and the space between

velocity gradient to be a straight line, what force is required to

pull a very thin plate of 0.37 m2 area at a constant speed of 0.3
m/s if the plane is 8.4 mm from one of the surfaces?
Problems

A cylinder of 125 mm radius rotates concentrically inside a fixed

cylinder of 130 mm radius. Both cylinders are 300 mm long.
Determine the viscosity of the liquid which fills the space
between the cylinders if a torque of 0.88 N-m is required to
maintain an angular velocity of 2π radians/sec. Assume the
velocity gradient to be a straight line
Problems

film of oil with viscosity μ = 0.0814 Pa-sec. If the contact area is

An 18-kg slab slides down a 15° inclined plane on a 3 –mm thick

0.3 m2, find the terminal velocity of the slab. Neglect air
resistance
Problems

diameter 3 mm. Use σ = 0.0728 N/m and γ =9810 N/m3 for

Estimate the height to which water will rise in a capillary tube of

water
Problems

tube 2 mm in diameter. Use σ = 0.514 N/m and θ = 140°

Estimate the capillary depression for mercury in a glass capillary
Problems

What is the value of the surface tension of a small drop of water

0.3 mm in diameter which is in contact with air if the pressure
within the droplet is 561 Pa?
Problems

An atomizer forms water droplets 45 μm in diameter. Determine

the excess pressure within these droplets using σ = 0.0712 N/m
Problems

of 24 mm. What is the true static height? Use σ = 0.0742 N/m

Distilled water stands in a glass tube 9 mm diameter at a height
Problems

Problems

At what pressure will 80℃ water will boil? (Vapor pressure of

water at 80℃ =47.4 kPa
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 PROBLEMS
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 PROBLEMS
What is the pressure 12.5 meters below the ocean?
Use s.g of salt water = 1.03
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 PROBLEMS
If the pressure below a liquid is 338.445 kPa, determine
the unit weight, mass density and specific gravity
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 PROBLEMS
If the pressure at the point in the ocean is 60 kPa, what
is the pressure 27 meters below this point?
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 PROBLEMS
If the pressure in the air above an oil (sq = 0.75) surface
in a close tank is 115 kPa absolute, what is the gage
pressure 2 meters below the surface
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 PROBLEMS
Find the absolute pressure in kPa at a depth of 10 m
below the free surface of oil of sp.gr 0.75 if the
barometric pressure id 752 mmhg.
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 PROBLEMS
A pressure gage 6 m above the bottom of the tank containing a liquid
reads 90 Kpa.Another gage height 4m reads 103 kPa. Determine the
specific weight of the liquid
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 PROBLEMS

(γ = 8 kN/m3 . Find the pressure in the interface and at the bottom of

An open tank contains 5.8 m of water covered with 3.2 m of kerosene

the tank
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 PROBLEMS
If atmospheric pressure of 95.7 kPa and the gage attached to the tank
reads 188 mmHg vacuum, find the absolute pressure within the tank
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PROBLEMS
The weight density of a mud is given by γ = 10 + 0.5h, where γ is in
kN/m3 and h is in meters. Determine the pressure in Kpa, at a depth of
5m
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PROBLEMS
In the figure shown, if the atmospheric pressure is 101.03 kPa and the
absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank is 231.3 Kpa, what is the
specific gravity of olive oil?
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PROBLEMS
If air had a constant specific weight of 12.2 N/m3 and were
incompressible, what would be the height of the atmosphere if the
atmospheric pressure (sea level) is 102 kPa?
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PROBLEMS
Assuming specific weight of air to be constant 12 N/m3, what is the
approximate height of Mount Banahaw if a mercury barometer at the
base of the mountain reads 654 mm and at the same instant, another
barometer at the top of the mountain reads 480 mm?
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PROBLEMS
Compute the barometric pressure in Kpa at an altitude of 1,200 m if

21°C. Use R = 287 Joule/kg-K

the pressure at sea level is 101.3 kPa. Assume isothermal conditions at
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PROBLEMS
Convert 760 mm of Mercury to (a)oil of sp.gr of 0.82 and (b) water
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PROBLEMS
A barometer reads 760 mmHg and a pure gage attached to a tank
reads 850 cm of oil (sg 0.80). What is the absolute pressure in the tank
in kPa?
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PROBLEMS
A hydraulic press is used to raise an 80 kN cargo truck. If oil of sg 0.82
acts on a piston under a pressure of 10 Mpa, what is the diameter of
piston is required?
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PROBLEMS
Piston A has a cross section of 1,200 sq.cm while that of piston B is 950
sq.cm. with the latter higher pistons than A by 1.75 m. If the
intervening passages are filled with oil whose specific gravity is 0.8,
what is the difference in pressure between A and B.
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PROBLEMS
In the figure shown, determine the weight W that can be carried by the
1.5 kN force acting on the piston
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PROBLEMS
A drum 700 mm in diameter and filled with water has a vertical pipe,
20 mm in diameter, attached at the top. How many Newtons of water
must be poured into the pipe to exert a force of 6500 N on top of the
drum?
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PROBLEMS
The figure shown shows a set up with a vessel containing a plunger
and a cylinder. What force F is required to balance the weight of the
cylinder if the weight of the cylinder if the weight of the plunger is
negligible?
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PROBLEMS
The hydraulic press shown is filled with oil with specific gravity 0.82.
Neglecting the weight of the two pistons, what force F on the handle is
required to support the 10 kN weight?
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PROBLEMS
The fuel gage for a gasoline (sg = 0.68) tank in a car reads
proportional to its bottom gage. If the tank is 30 cm deep and
accidentally contaminated with 2 cm of water, how many centimeters
of gasoline does the tank actually contain when the gage erroneously
reads “FULL”
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PROBLEMS
For the tank shown in the figure, h1= 3m and h3 = 4m. Determine the
value of h2
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PROBLEMS
In the figure shown, what is the static pressure in Kpa in the air
chamber?
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PROBLEMS
For the manometer shown, determine the pressure at the center of the
pipe
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