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24 views

Dsp Chapter 1

Uploaded by

hayyuu56
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1

Introduction To
Digital Signal
Processing
What is DSP?
2
Digital Signal Processing

 Represent signals by a sequence of numbers


 Sampling or analog-to-digital conversions

 Perform processing on these numbers with a digital processor


 Digital signal processing

 Reconstruct analog signal from processed numbers


 Reconstruction or digital-to-analog conversion

digital digital
signal signal

analog analog
signal A/D DSP D/A signal

Copyright (C) 351M Digital Signal Processing (Spring 2005)


3
2005 Güner
What is DSP?

Converting a continuously changing


waveform (analog) into a series of
discrete levels (digital)
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6
7
8
9
Pros and Cons of Digital Signal
Processing
10

 Pros
 Accuracy can be controlled by choosing word length
 Repeatable
 Sensitivity to electrical noise is minimal
 Dynamic range can be controlled using floating point numbers
 Flexibility can be achieved with software implementations
 Non-linear and time-varying operations are easier to implement
 Digital storage is cheap
 Digital information can be encrypted for security
 Price/performance and reduced time-to-market
 Cons
 Sampling causes loss of information
 A/D and D/A requires mixed-signal hardware
 Limited speed of processors
 Quantization and round-off errors

351M Digital Signal Processing (Spring 2005) Copyright (C) 2005 Güner
Arslan
Analog-Digital
Examples of analog technology
photocopiers
telephones
audio tapes
televisions (intensity and color info per scan
line)
VCRs (same as TV)
Examples of digital technology
Digital computers!
Why NOT go digital?

High frequency signals cannot be


processed digitally because of two
reasons:
 Analog to Digital Converters, ADC cannot
work fast enough.
 The application can be too complex to be
performed in real-time.
Quantization

 Quantization
 Converts actual sample values (usually voltage
measurements) into an integer approximation
 Process of rounding off a continuous value so that it can
be represented by a fixed number of binary digits
 Tradeoff between number of bits required and error
 Human perception limitations affect allowable error
 Specific application affects allowable error
 Two approaches to quantization
 Rounding the sample to the closest integer.
 (e.g. round 3.14 to 3)
 Create a Quantizer table that generates a staircase
pattern of values based on a step size.
14
Analog-Digital Converter (ADC)

An electronic integrated circuit which


converts a signal from analog (continuous)
to digital (discrete) form
Provides a link between the analog world of
transducers and the digital world of signal
processing and data handling
Analog-Digital Converter (ADC)

An electronic integrated circuit which


converts a signal from analog (continuous) to
digital (discrete) form
Provides a link between the analog world of
transducers and the digital world of signal
processing and data handling
ADC Conversion Process

Two main steps of process


1. Sampling and Holding
2. Quantization and Encoding

Analog-to-Digital Converter

Quantizing
and
Encoding
Sampling and
Hold
t
Input: Analog t
Signal
ADC Process
Sampling & Hold

Measuring analog signals at


uniform time intervals Continuous
 Ideally twice as fast as what Signal
we are sampling

Digital system works with


discrete states
 Taking samples from each t
location

Reflects sampled and hold


signal
 Digital approximation
ADC Process
Sampling & Hold

Measuring analog signals at


uniform time intervals
 Ideally twice as fast as what
we are sampling

Digital system works with


discrete states
 Taking samples from each t
location

Reflects sampled and hold


signal
 Digital approximation
ADC Process
Sampling & Hold

Measuring analog signals at


uniform time intervals
 Ideally twice as fast as what
we are sampling

Digital system works with


discrete states
 Taking a sample from each t
location

Reflects sampled and hold


signal
 Digital approximation
ADC Process
Sampling & Hold

Measuring analog signals at


uniform time intervals
 Ideally twice as fast as what
we are sampling

Digital system works with


discrete states
 Taking samples from each t
location

Reflects sampled and hold


signal
 Digital approximation
ADC Process

Quantizing Encoding
 Separating the input Assigning a unique
signal into a discrete digital code to each
states with K state for input into
increments the microprocessor
 K=2N
 N is the number of bits
of the ADC
Analog quantization
size
 Q=(Vmax-Vmin)/2N
 Q is the Resolution
Digital-to-Analog Conversion

Many ADC methods utilize DAC


Four-bit DAC with voltage output (Figure 10-
2)
DAC

Vref is used to determine the full-scale output.


In general,
analog output = K x digital input
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