linguistics
Sub fields of linguistics
• Phonology
• Phonetics
• Morphology
• Semantics
• synTAX
Phonology
• Definition:
The study of pattering of sound called
phonology.
OR
The sub field of linguistics in which we study
how speech sound form patterns called phonology.
• Patterns of sound:
English language has 2 broad patterns
of speech which are these:
• Consonants Sound
• Vowels sound
Both play their vital role in production of speech
Consonants sound
• Definition:
The sounds that are produce with
articulators(sound producing organs) called Consonants
sounds.
OR
A speech sound where the Air stream from
the lungs is either completely or partially blocked called
Consonants sounds.
In Consonant sound, there are 3 perimeter of
articulation which are these:
• Manners of Articulation
• Places of Articulation
Manners of Articulation
• Definition:
Manners of Articulation is defined as’
how we make sound’ or ‘how sounds are pronounced’’.
It is away as the air string is effecting as air flows from
the lungs and out of mouth.
There are 6 Manners of articulation:
• Nasal sound
• Stop consonants
• Fricative sounds
• Affricate consonants
• Approximate consonants
Manners of Articulation
• Nasal sound:
The consonants that are produced when we
completely block air flow through mouth and let the air pass
through our nose called nasal consonant. There are 3 nasal
consonants in English:
/m/,/n/,/
• Examples:
/m/-moon,room,mad
/n/-nib,pin,name
/n/-sing,wing,uncle
• Stop consonants:
Like Nasal consonants ‘’Stop consonants
‘’occure when the vocal track is completelt blocked.But the air
quickly built pressure behind the articulator and then release in a
Manners of Articulation
There are 6 stop consonants:
/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/
• Examples:
/p/-pig , pus , nip , dip
/b/-back , bad , mob , bomb
/t/-tall , top , mat
/d/-dad , dip , mad
/k/-kick , kite , king
/g/-girl ,good , bug
• Fricative consonants:
The sound which involves the
Manners of Articulation
through a narrow channel called Fricative sounds.
There are 9 fricative consonants:
/f/ ,/v/ ,/s/ ,/Z/ ,/z/ ,/h/ ,/the/ ,/th/ ,/sh/
• Examples:
/f/- foot , four , half , wolf
/v/- van , have
/z/-vision , yellow
/Z/- zip , zebra , buzz
/s/- sleep , soap , pass
/the/-these ,bathe
/th/-thick , thin, bath
Manners of Articulation
Examples:
/w/- win , when ,how
/y/- yellow , yes , you
/r/- right, rear , roar
• Lateral consonants:
Lateral consonants are those in which
the tongue block the middle of your mouth. So, that the air
stream has to pass through the sides of tongue.
There are 2 lateral consonants in English:
/l/ ,/r/
• Examples:
/l/- lock , look , fill
Places of Articulation
• Definition:
The consonant sounds that are produced due to
interruption of air on the way of wind in oral track. The point
where this interruption occure is known as place of
articulation. It is the origin of sound.
There are 8 places of Articulation:
• Bilabial
• Labiodental
• Dental
• Alveolar
• Post Alveolar
• Palatal
• Velar
Places of Articulation
• Bilabial:
‘’Bi’’ means ‘’two’’ and ‘’labial’’ means
‘’lips’’. The consonant that occure when you block air
flow out of the mouth by bringing lip together called
bilabial consonants .
English language has 3 bilabial consonants:
/p/ ,/b/ ,/m/
Examples:
/p/- pig , purse , pop
/b/- bug , bomb , bad
/m/- map , mad ,moon
Places of Articulation
• Labiodental:
‘’ labio’’ means ‘’ bottom lip’’ and ‘’dental’’
means ‘’upper teeth’’.Labiodental consonants occure when
you block air by curling your lower lip back and raising it to
touch upper row of teeth.
/f/ ,/v/
• Examples:
/f/- fan ,flower ,puff
/v/-van ,have
• Dental:
‘’ Dental’’ means ‘’upper teeth’’. Dental
consonants occure when you block air flow by placing slimy
Places of Articulation
English language has 2 dental sound ;
/the/ ,/th/
Examples:
/the/- father , bathe
/th/-through , thin , thick
• Alveolar:
The alveolar ridge is where your teeth meet
your gums.
we can create alveolar sound when we raise our tongue
the alveolar ridge to block air flow.
English language has 8 alveolar consonants:
Places of Articulation
• Examples
/n/- nose ,man
/t/- toad , tab , rat
/d/- dad , deep
/s/-suit , sun
/Z/-zoo , zip
/l/- look , luck , full
/r/- rat , road
• Post- alveolar:
post- alveolar consonants are those that
occure when your tongue block air at the point just
Places of Articulation
English language has 4 post alveolar consonants :
/sh/ ,/z/ ,/ch/ ,/j/ ,/dg/
• Examples:
/sh/-ship , shape , brush
/z/- yellow , you , yams
/ch/-chick , match
/j/-jam , jug
/dg/- bridge , badge
• Palatal:
The roof of your mouth is hard palatal. You
Places of Articulation
To this point.
English language has only 1 palatal consonant.
/j/
Example:
/j/- yellow , yes , beyond
• Velar:
Behind your hard palatal you have soft palatal.
Unlike bony hard palatal this consist of soft mucousy
tissue. You make vela consonants when you raise the back
of your tongue to soft palatal.
English language has 4 velar consonants :
Places of Articulation
• Examples:
/n/ - uncle , going
/g/- bug , bag ,gold
/k/- kite ,back
/w/- wet , vowel
• Glottal :
Glottal consonants are not actually consonant. They
just play consonant role in the language.Glottal consonants
occure when you inhale and hold your breath for a few second
while keeping your mouth open.
English language has only 1 glottal consonant:
Examples:
Voicing of Articulation
Introduction :
voicing of articulation include :
• Voiced sound
• Voiceless sound
• Voiced sound:
The sound which produce when vocal
cords are draw close together called voiced sound.
Examples :
/b/ ,/v/ ,/d/ , /z/ , /g/, /h/
• Voiceless sound:
The sound which produce when vocal
Voicing of Articulation
Examples:
/p/ ,/f/ , /t/ , /s/ , /k/
INTRESTING INFORMATION
Keep your finger in your ear and pronounced the
words.
The voice that create vibration in ear
called voiced sound.
The voice that not create vibration in ear
called voiceless sound.
