MISUNGWI CDTTI

Sanitary engineering
CET 06216

Chapter 3
Design of Wastewater
Collection Systems

Eng.
Abdulbast Idrisa
 Components of Wastewater
Collection Systems

1. Sewer Pipes: Main channels for wastewater transport.

 Gravity Sewers: Utilize the natural slope of the land to move
wastewater.
 Force Mains: Use pumps to move wastewater uphill or across flat
areas.
2. Manholes: Access points for inspection and maintenance.
3. Lift Stations (Pumping Stations): Raise wastewater to a higher
elevation where gravity flow is insufficient.
4. Cleanouts: Access points for clearing blockages.
• Outfalls: Discharge points where treated wastewater is released into
the environment.
• Interceptors: Large pipes that transport wastewater from smaller
collection systems to treatment plants
 3.1 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS

 Sewerage is the infrastructure or

system that conveys sewage or surface
runoff (storm water, meltwater,
rainwater) using sewers.
 Dry weather flow (DWF) is the normal
flow in a sewer during the dry weather.

 Wet - weather flow (WWF) is the flow

in a sewer during the wet weather.
 Cont

 Manhole refers to as a small covered opening

in a paved area allowing access beneath,
especially one leading to a sewer.

 Concentration time is defined as needed for

sewage to flow from the most remote point in a
sewerage as the time to the treatment system.
 Return period also known as a recurrence
interval or repeat interval, is an average time
or an estimated average time between events
such as sewage to occur.
 Cont

 Siphon a tube or pipe used to convey

liquid upwards from a reservoir and
then down to a lower level of its own
accord.
 BASIC CONCEPT

 Appropriate collection systems

are needed for storm runoffs and
waste water to be treated at an off
site location away from point of its
production.

Normally long term master plans

are made for any community.
 Cont

There are three (3) types of

sewerage systems.
I. Separate sewerage systems

II.Combined sewerage system

III.Combination of the separate

and combined systems.
 Cont

I. Separate sewerage systems

 It involve separate waste water and
storm runoff collection systems.

 No mixture of highly and lowly

polluted wastewater.

 It use smaller pipes for wastewater

sewerage.
 Cont

 Mostly no pipes are needed for

storm runoff i.e. Open channels
can be used.

 Risk of misconnections.
 Cont

II.Combined sewerage system

 System which combines both
sewerage and storm runoff water
collection.

 Only one pipe of large diameters

required

 No risk of misconnection of pipes

carrying different wastes
 Cont

 Polluted rainwater from streets

can be treated in waste water
treatment plants.

 Operating difficulties during dry

season where there are low
velocities.
 SEWER’S PARAMETER

I. Sewers layout
Before any sewer system can be
designed at least the following data
must be available:-
• Topography, longitudinal sewer
sections.
• Sub – drainage areas
contributing to each sewer.
 Cont

• Per capita sewage production,

waste water production pattern
and future population
contributing to the sewage.

• Soil conditions along the sewers.

• Sewer materials available.

 Cont

Note:
Sewer system layout and profiles are
determine based on areas‘ housing plans
and topography.

To divide sewerage area into convenient

sub- drainage area with the requirements of
maintaining short distances.

To avoid pumping to keep down costs

wherever possible.
 Cont

II. Sewers discharges

Sanitary sewage includes both domestic
sewage and industrial wastes along with
any infiltration due to groundwater flow.

Sewage discharge depends upon:

• Populationand the per capita
contribution of sewage.
• Industrial wastewater production rates.
 Cont

• Publicinstitutions and commercial

centre's wastewater generation which
can be estimated from available
development plans.

Quantity of the sewage should be

visualized for future conditions over
the design period and should
accordingly be provided.
 Cont

Forecasting population is relatively simple if land

use plans are available and adhered to.

The most common approach is normally using

the past trends of population growth on the basis
of the census data.

Then forecasting future population by assuming

validity of some mathematical models (i.e. simple
compound arithmetic expression given below).
 Cont

(3.1)

Where:
P = future population
Po = present population
r = rate of annual population
growth
n = number of future years
 Cont

The sewage flow varies seasonally,

monthly, daily and hourly.

The seasonal variations are due to

climatic effect in the use of water.

The daily fluctuations are due to certain

local conditions involving habits and
customs of people; e.g. which day is used
more for washing.
 Cont

Hourly variations are because of

varying rates of water
consumptions in different hours of
the day which in some ways is
influenced by movements and
social economic activities.
 Cont

The two common alternative

approaches used to determine
design flow are :-
I. Estimating peak/average sewage
flow ratio as a function of
community size (see Table 3.1) to
determine design discharge (Qd)
based on average discharge values
within various reaches of the sewer
network.
 Cont

I. Using factor of 1.2 and distributing

total daily sewage over only a
limited.
• Number of hours (i.e. 10-16
hours within a day ) to
determine design flow
discharge (Qd).
• In industrial areas wastewater
production is constant during
working hours.
 Cont

Table 3.1 Peak/average flow ratios in

relation to population (Source: Okun and
Poghis,Population
1975) Peak/average flow
ratio

1,000 5.0
2,000 4.5
5,000 4.0
10,000 3.5
20,000 3.0
40,000 2.5
100,000 2.2
500,000 1.6
 Design of Sewers

Sewers are designed either as

separate system or combined
system (i.e. conduits designed to
carry both sewage and storm
water).

Sewers in the separate system are

designed to have carrying capacity
equal to 2 to 3.5 times the dry
 Cont. …..

The sewage contain particles in suspension, the heavier

of which may settle down at the
bottom of the sewers, as and when the flow velocity
reduces, resulting in the clogging of
sewers. To avoid silting of sewers, it is necessary that the
sewer pipes be laid at such a gradient, as to generate self
cleansing velocities at different possible discharges.
The sewer pipes carry sewage as gravity conduits, and
are therefore laid at a continuous gradient in the
downward direction upto the outfall point, from where
it will be lifted up, treated and disposed of.
 Cont. …

• Hazen-William's formula;
• 0.63S
• 0.54
 Cont

Peak factor of 2 is taken for larger

populations (≥500,000) or about
3.5 for smaller populations (≤
20,000), generally peak factor of 3
is used.

The laterals collecting sewage

from houses or streets and not
collecting sewage from any other
 Cont

Sub-mains sewers collecting sewage

from two or more laterals are designed
to have full flow capacity of 3 times the
dry-weather flow.

The main or trunk sewers collecting

sewage from two or more sub-mains
may have a full flow capacity of 2 times
the average flow and at least 2 times
the DWF in addition to the storm water
 Cont

Sewers are normally designed to

flow 0.8 of their full capacities to
allow for some margin to take into
account possible sudden excessive
flows.

Design period may be taken as 30

years and the increase in capacity
may be taken not to exceed 25%.
 Cont

Example 3.1:
What will be the design flow
discharge? If the Population of a
particular area is 5000 people
and 150 l/ca/d.
 Cont

Seepage through sewer joints

should be added to determine Qd
for sewer design purposes.

The seepages depend on:

i. Joint types
ii.Sewerage
iii.Workmanship
 Cont

The common four methods for

estimating seepage are:-
1.Rate per unit sewer length per
day
 Ranging from 10 to 200 m3/km-day.

2.Rate per unit area sewered

 Ranging from 5 – 20 m3 /ha – d plus 4
m3/d - manhole.
 Cont

1.Rate per pipe unit length and

unit diameter per day
 Varying from 50 to 5000 l/day.km.mm
pipe diameter or m3/mm.km.d

2.Infiltration rate as a percentage

of the total sewage generation
per day
 About 20 to 60 %
 3.5 SEWERS SYSTEM DESIGN

Sewers design process should be

observe the following important items:
A.Manhole locations
Sewers should have manholes at the
following locations:-
i. At each change of direction and slope
(horizontal and vertical)

ii. After every 50 m of sewer length for

control during maintenance
 Cont

i. Whenever the pipe diameter

changes

ii. Whenever several pipes come

together to join a single drain
main

iii.At the boundary of property

before the drain joins a public
sewer
 Cont

Fig.3.1 shows details of sewer drains and

manhole constructions.
 Cont

B. Sewer joints
Sewers should be joined to main
drain at an oblique angle in the
direction of flow.

Secondary sewers should be

joined to main sewers (with bigger
diameters) such that they are in
line with tangents at the top sides
 Cont

C.Sewer flow velocities

Sewer velocities should be such
that ;-
• Vmin = 0.6 to 0.9 m/sec. in the
case of separate sewers and
0.75 m/sec. in the case of
combined sewers to avoid silting
(sedimentation).
 Cont

D.Sewer slopes
 Sewer gradients are determined by
considering the following:-
i. Slope of the ground

ii. Minimum and maximum flow

velocities permissible
 Cont

E.Sewer depths
Minimum depth from ground
surface to the top of main
minimum diameter (300 mm)
should be 1.0 m.

Maximum depth to invert level of

any pipe should be 5.0m.
 Cont

The deeper the sewer in ground

the higher the operation and
maintenance cost and the higher
the extent of ground water
infiltration into the sewer with
time (age).
 Cont

F.Sewers ventilation
Prevents the accumulation of
explosive, corrosive or poisonous
gases and vapours (e.g. methane –
CH4, hydrogen sulphide – H2S,
petrol vapour, etc.).

Prevents high concentration of

unpleasant odours causing
 Cont

Relieves air pressures above or

below atmospheric pressure
caused by sudden rise or fall of
sewage.

This is done to permit free flow of

sewage.
 Cont

Sewer ventilation can be

provided by:
i. Installing ventilation
columns (Fig. 3.2) at upper
end of every branch sewer and
also at every change in size of
sewers.
 Usual spacing is about 300 m
and their sizes are determined
by sewer diameters.
 Cont

Fig.3.2 Ventilation column

 Cont

i. Using perforated manholes.

 These are characterized by
bad odour nuisance and admit
surface runoff water in large
quantities into sewers.

ii. Providing un-obstructed

outlets in the case of storm
water drains or sewers which
can act as partial ventilators.
 Cont

iv. Using forced draughts caused

by exhaust fans to expel out foul
gases from the sewers.

v. Using house vents and soil

pipes which have added
advantages of ventilating house
drains and public sewers.
 3.6 MATERIALS AND FORMS OF
SEWERS

The materials used for pipe sewers

should be:
i. Have adequate strength against earth
pressures and other loads.
ii. Resistant to corrosion.
iii.Impervious.
iv.Had to resist erosion due to abrasive
sewage materials such as grit.
v. Economical.
 Cont

The materials employed for pipe

sewers are:
I. Vitrified clay or salt glazed stone
ware
II.Cast iron
III.Steel
IV.Concrete
V. Asbestos cement
 Cont

Sewer section
The cross-section of sewers used
(which is either circular or non-
circular) depends upon:-
i. Efficiency of flow with reference to
hydraulic mean depth and roughness of
material.
ii.Structural stability
iii.Resistance to internal and external
pressures
 3.7 SEWAGE FLOW AND SEWER
SECTION DESIGN

The flow of sewage in sewers takes

place under two conditions:-
i. Open channel flow (partially flow)
 When the hydraulic grade line lies on the
surface of the flowing liquid and is exposed to
the atmosphere.

ii.Closed channel flow (full flow)

 When sewage flows in a conduit at a pressure
above or below that of the atmosphere.
 Cont

Based on these two conditions of

flow, the hydraulic formulae
governing sewage flow generally
used include:-
(Hazen-William) (3.2)

(Mannings – Strickler) (3.3)

 Cont

(Darcy – Weisbach) (3.4)

Where:
v = velocity of flow
C = roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic radius (= D/4 for Darcy –
Weisbach equation)
S = channel or pipe gradient
 Cont

H = elevation difference between the

pipe‘s upstream and downstream Ends
L = horizontal length of pipe line;
f = non-dimensional coefficient
 Cont

Table 3.2: Sewer pipe roughness values (Barnes et

al., 1981)
Formula Roughn Best Poor Typical values
ess sewer sewer
value conditio conditio
ns ns
Hazen – Williams C 140 < 80 110
Manning – n 0.010 > 0.016 0.013
Strickler
Darcy – Weisbach k(mm) 1.00 > 10.0 1.500
 Cont

Table 3.3: Typical roughness coefficient (C) values

recommended by various authors for different sewer pipe
materials.
Pipe material Smooth Rough Typical
(new) (old)
Wood 90 80 85
Vitrified clay - - 100
Cast iron 90 70 80
Concrete(plain or 100 60(50) 70
reinforced)
Asbestos cement 140 100 100
Plastic 140 100 120
 Cont

Flow in sewers is turbulent in nature,

thus the ‘‘f’’ coefficient in the Darcy-
Weisbach equation is a function of D/k
but is independent of the Reynold
number, Re.
According to Karman – Prandtl
formula (Webber, 1976; Barness et al.,
1981) the relationship between f and
D/k is:- (3.5)
 Cont

However, for the wet – weather flow

(WWF) some designers provide for the
sewers to flow just full but not under
pressure.

The others limit the flow area ratio,

a/A to 0.75.

For the smallest sewers the ratio may

 Cont

Table 3.4: Flow conditions in fully filed sewers at S = 0.001 and

for roughness coefficient C = 75
Circulation Elliptical section
D (cm) V (m/s) Q (l/s) D1/D2 V (m/s) Q (l/s)
(cm)
10 0.21 1.6 20/30 0.35 16.0
15 0.27 4.7 30/45 0.47 48.0
20 0.32 10.0 40/60 0.57 103.0
25 0.38 18.0 50/75 0.67 188.0
30 0.42 30.0 60/90 0.74 305.0
40 0.51 65.0 70/105 0.82 460.0
60 0.67 169.0 80/120 0.90 660.0
80 0.81 405.0 90/135 0.97 900.0
100 0.94 735.0 100/150 1.07 1190.0
 Cont

Table 3.5: Ratios of flow conditions in partially filled (small

letters) for circular pipes.
Depth Area Hydraulic Velocity Discharge
(d/D) (a/A) radius (r/R) (v/V) (q/Q)
0.1 0.05 0.254 0.401 0.02
0.2 0.14 0.482 0.615 0.09
0.3 0.25 0.684 0.776 0.20
0.4 0.37 0.857 0.902 0.34
0.5 0.50 1.000 1.000 0.50
0.6 0.63 1.110 1.072 0.67
0.7 0.75 1.185 1.120 0.84
0.8 0.86 1.217 1.140 0.99
0.9 0.95 1.192 1.124 1.07
1.0 1.00 1.000 1.000 1.00
 Cont

For other values of C and S other than

those shown in Table 3.4 the following
relationships can be used:-

I. If the slope is S* instead of S (=

0.001);
(3.6)
 Cont

(3.7)

Where:
Q = discharge (l/s) at slope S (= 0.001)
and C (= 75)
Q* = discharge (l/s) at slope S*
v = velocity (m/s) at slope S (= 0.001)
and C (= 75) v* velocity (m/s) at slope
 Cont

II. If the roughness coefficient is C* instead of C (= 75);

(3.8)

(3.9)
 Cont

EXAMPLES
1. A sewer to be designed has information as shown in table
below:
Street Manhol Tributary Total Slo
of e Area (ha) Increme Design discha pe
Sewer No. to ntal Discharge (Q) rge (%)
Manhol populati (QT)
e on (l/sec)
No.
In Tot Sanitar Infiltrat
al y (l/s) ion(l/s)
M.CD 15-16 0.8 27. 80 0.4 0.2 21.0 3
TTI 2
M.CD 16-17 1.2 28. 120 0.6 0.3 21.9 3
TTI 4
 Cont

Further to the tabulated information above assume the

following:-
 100 capital/ha
 Peak flow of 0.005 l/sec – capita
 Infiltration to contribute 50% of sanitary flow
 Longitudinal sewer profile to follow terrain slope
 Material is concrete with C = 75
2. Ground
Designlevel(m) for the 304.00
the sewers 302.65
design information 302.25
indicating
Distance (m)
the manhole numbers. 300 100
Slope (%) 0.45 0.4
Inverted level (pipe bottom
level)
Discharge (l/s) 6 112
Cumulative No. of 20 26 28
manholes
 Cont

3. Find the slope required for a 360 mm diameter

concrete pipe to covey a flow of 125 l/s, three
quarters full and determine the depth and velocity of
flow. Assume f = 0.033.
 3.8 DESIGN OF STORM RUNOFF WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Runoff discharges for designing rainfall runoff drains

 Volume of rainfall storm runoff is a function of catchment or
watershed and rainfall characteristics:
i. Vegetation
ii. Soil infiltration capacity
iii. Topography (slope steepness and slope length)
iv. Catchment size and shape

 The rainfall characteristics affecting runoff volume

generation are, intensity and duration

 Many empirical methods are available for estimating runoff

discharges while considering the catchment characteristics
variably i.e. The rational method.
 Cont

The Rational method

 For estimating runoff discharges is:-

(3.10)

Where:
QP = rainfall storm runoff discharge (M3/s)
C = rainfall storm runoff coefficient (see Table 3.6)
i = average rainfall intensity (mm/h) with duration equal to time of
concentration (gathering time) of the catchment under
consideration
A = catchment area (ha)
 Cont

Table 3.6: Runoff coefficients for different catchment

characteristics.
Surface Coefficient Surfaces Coefficients, C
s, C

Roofs/grazed 0.90 – 0.95 Town 0.50 – 0.70

surfaces
Asphalt concrete 0.85 Suburbs 0.30 – 0.50
Paved streets 0.50 Play grounds 0.20 – 0.30
Gravel roads 0.20 Unimproved 0.10 – 0.20
areas
Gardens 0.10 Gardens 0.05 – 0.10
Town centre 0.70 – 0.90
 Cont

 Judgment should be used in selecting rainfall storm runoff

coefficients, C, when using the Rational method to determine
runoff discharges.

 Average coefficients are normally determined for catchments

with varying characteristics.

 For example, if 30% of a catchment is a garden, 15% is play

grounds and 55% % is unimproved area, the average
0.1 × 30/100 + 0.25 × 15/100 + 0.15 × 55/100 =
coefficient
0.15.
is:
 Cont

4. Design of storm runoff drains (sewers)

 Storm intensities increase with return periods.

 The longer the return period for a design storm

selected the larger will be the structure.

 Thus, choosing a design storm of a given return

period for the design of storm runoff drains is an
economic problem, i.e. the cost of construction and
cost of damage that can result from floods and other
inconveniences.
 Cont

The following guidelines can be used to determine design

storm return periods for specific runoff drains:
 Tr ≤ 1 yr for villages in the tropics.
 Tr = 1 – 5 yrs in small towns
 Tr = 10 yrs in large towns and central business areas and
soil conservation works.
 Tr = 20 – 50 yrs in commercial city centres.

Once the runoff discharges are obtained the storm water

drainage sewers are designed in the same way as the
waste water sewers.

Open channel drains are designed using Manning -

 Cont

(3.18a)

(3.18b)

Where:
v = flow velocity (m/sec)
C = roughness coefficient (m1/3/s)
R = hydraulic radius (m)
S = channel longitudinal slope (m/m)
A = cross section area of flow (m2)
Q = discharge (m3/sec)
 Cont

Maximum and minimum velocities and hydraulic

roughness values for different channel conditions are
given in Tables 3.7 and 3.8 respectively.

Table 3.7 Maximum and minimum design velocities for

channellining
Channel drains. Minimum Maximum
condition velocity (m/sec) velocity (m/sec)
Soil without - 0.40
vegetation
Grass lined 0.75 1.50
ditches
Concrete channel 0.75 2.0 – 4.00*

*Velocity of 4.0 m/sec is for clear water and 2.0 m/sec is for water
with silt/sand
 Cont

Table 3.8 Hydraulic roughness values for different channel lining

materials
Lining materials Hydraulic roughness (C-
m1/3/s)
Earth bottom and rubble 24 – 45
sides
Grass lined ditches 25 – 35
Concrete channels 50 – 70
Irregular rock cuts 20 – 30

 In deriving the runoff discharges, first determining

concentration time for the runoff contributing areas
(catchments).
 Cont

• EXAMPLES
• Design a drainage culvert for a major road passing
through a rural un-inhabited locality near Dodoma if
the drainage catchment is as sketched below.

(3.11)
 Assignment 3

1.
 END

THANK YOU
 What’s next

Chapter 4
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
SYSTEMS