SDH class
SDH class
DIGITAL
HIERARCHY
Muhammad Javed Alam Lecturer Optical Fiber
Telecommunication Staff College Haripur
1- Principle
2- Hardware (2500+)
3- NMS (Configuration)
SDH Principle
The SDH principle is divided into Three parts:
1- SDH Overview
Pre-SDH, Advantages & disadvantages
SDH
European series Japanese series North American series
STM-N
565Mb/s 1.6Gb/s 274Mb/s
×N
×4 ×4
STM-256
139Mb/s 400Mb/s ×6
×4
×4 ×4
STM-64
34Mb/s 100Mb/s 45Mb/s
×4
×4 ×3 ×7 STM-16
8Mb/s 32Mb/s 6.3Mb/s
×4
×4 ×5 ×4 STM-4
2Mb/s 6.3Mb/s ×4
1.5Mb/s
×4
×4
×4 STM-1
1.5Mb/s
STM-1= 155.52 Mb/s
2, 34, 140 Mb/s
SDH signals & bit rate
One Bit
Bit Interleaving Multiplexing
Lower rate Technique
signals
Four bits
One Byte
Byte Interleaving
Lower rate
Multiplexing Technique
signals
Four bytes
1.3- Add/Drop in PDH:
Lower rate signals can’t be added or dropped directly
from Higher rate signals. Therefore adding & dropping
conducted level by level.
140Mb/s 140Mb/s
34Mb/s 34Mb/s
8Mb/s 8Mb/s
de-multiplexer multiplexer
de-multiplexer multiplexer
de-multiplexer multiplexer
2Mb/s
Multiplexing
Multiplexing
Procedure
Procedure
Components
Components
and
andfunctions
functions 140M
34M STM-N
2M
2.1 STM-N Frame Structure
Frame # 1 Frame # 2 Frame # 3
9×270 ×N bytes
Transmission
1 Transmission
direction
RSOH left to right
3 Top to bottom
4 AU-PTR STM-N payload
5
(including POH)
MSOH
9
9×N 261×N
270×N
columns
STM-1 Frame Transmission
Ist Byte Last
Transmission Direction
Byte
2430
271 540
STM-1
=270 columns x 9 rows x 8000 frames/s x 8 bits
= 155520000 b/s
STM-4
=270 columns x 9 rows x 8000 frames/s x 8 bitsx4
= 622080000 b/s
Path
M M
U LT REG REG LT U
X X
Multiplex Section
STM-N Assembling
1- Path Overhead
2- Regenerator Section Overhead
3- Multiplex Section Overhead
Multiplexing procedures of SDH
low-rate SDH→high-rate SDH:
byte interleaved multiplexing
PDH signals→STM-N:
140M→STM-N
34M→ STM-N
2M→STM-N
Multiplexing is based on the multiplexing
route diagram defined by ITU-T.
1 Multiplexing structure (route diagram)
×N
139264kbit/s
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4
×3
SDH signal
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
×7 34368kbit/s
C-3
Pointer
processing TUG-2
×3
Align
adjustment 2048kbit/s
TU-12 VC-12 C-12
Multiplexing Mapping
PDH signals
140M multiplexing procedures (140M →STM-N)
1 1
Rate
P
POH
Adaptation C4 O VC4 To be continued
140M 9
H
9
1 260 1 261
125us 125us
C4---Container 4: A standard info structure corresponding to 140M,
performs bit rate justification.
VC4---Virtual Container 4: A standard info structure corresponding
To C4, performs real-time performance monitoring of 140M
140M multiplexing procedures
AU-4 STM-1
(continue) 1 1
RSOH
AU-PTR payload
alignment AU-PTR SOH
1 9 MSOH
9 9
10 270 1 270
125us 125us
AU-4---Administrative Unit 4, a info structure
corresponding to VC4, performs pointer alignment.
140M —C4 — VC4 — AU-4 — STM-1
One STM-1 can accommodate only one 140Mb/s signal.
34M multiplexing procedures
C3 VC3
1 1
P
Rate adaptation POH
O To be continued
34M H
9 9 1
1 84 85
125us 125us
C3---Container 3: A standard info structure corresponding to 34M,
performs bit rate justification.
VC3---Virtual Container 3: A standard info structure corresponding
to C3, performs real-time performance monitoring of 34M
34M multiplexing procedures
(continue) 1 TU-3 86
H1 1
1 TUG-3 86
1 H1 1
1 VC4 261
H2
TU- H3
H2 ×3 P
Fill H3
PTR
Gap
BIM O RR
R H
9 9 9
125us 125us 125us
TU3---Tributary Unit 3: A standard info structure corresponding to
VC3, performs primary alignment.
TUG3---Tributary Unit Group 3: A standard info structure
corresponding toTU3.
34M—VC3—TU3—TUG3 ; 3 TUG3—VC4—STM-1 ;
One STM-1 can accommodate 3 34M.
2M multiplexing procedures
POH
1 1 1
Primary
Rate
Adaptation C12 POH
VC12 Alignment
TU12 To be continued
2M
9 9 9 PTR
1 4 1 4 1 4
125us 125us 125us
2M multiplexing procedures (2M →VC4)
C12--Container 12: A standard info structure
corresponding to 2M, performs bit rate justification
for 2M signals.
VC12---Virtual Container 12:A standard info structure
corresponding to 2M, performs real-time monitoring.
TU12---Tributary Unit 12: A standard info structure
corresponding to VC12, performs primary pointer
alignment forVC12.
2M multiplexing procedures (2M →VC4)
1 12 1 86
1 1
×3 ×7
Byte
Byte Interleaved
Multiplexing TUG2 Interleaved
Multiplexing
R R TUG3
(continue)
9 9
125us 125us
2M Multiplexing procedures(2M →VC4)
TUG2---Tributary Unit Group 2
TUG3---Tributary Unit Group 3
2M—C12—VC12—TU12—3 x TU12—TUG2
7 x TUG2—TUG3—3xTUG3—VC4—STM-1
One STM-1 is able to accommodate 3×7×3= 63 2Mb/s.
Multiplexing structure for 2M is 3-7-3.
Overhead and Pointers
Overhead
Overhead Pointers
Section
Section Path
Path AU-PTR
AU-PTR TU-PTR
TU-PTR
Overhead Overhead
Overhead Overhead
Overhead
SOH POH
A1= 11110110
A2= 00101000
Signal stream
Found N
A1,A2?
Give OOF
Y Over 3ms
Generate LOF
GNE NE 1 NE 2 NE 3
B 01011010
B1 working mechanism:
Detect B1
Insert B1
Insert B2 Detect B2
SDH SDH
Equipment
STM-N Equipment
Sender Receiver
Send M1
byte
7) Automatic Protection Switching(APS) bytes---K1, K2
Found 110
K2(b6-b8)
111
Giving
MS-AIS
Sending back
Producing
MS-RDI
MS-RDI
8) Synchronous Status byte S1(bit5~8)
For synchronous status indication
The smaller the value of S1, the higher the
quality of synchronous clock!
2 Path Overhead
Classification:
Lower-order POH--VC12
Higher-order POH---VC4
VC4 VC12
POH POH
(HPOH) (LPOH)
1) Higher-order POH
(VC-4 POH)
1 2 261
1 J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
9 N1
1 Path Trace byteJ1
J1 is the first byte of VC4 -POH, its
location is indicated by AU-4 pointer.
Using J1 byte, the sender and receiver
repeatedly exchange “higher-order path
access point identifier”, so both ends
know they are in continuous connection.
Default value for J1:“HuaWei SBS”
J1 sent and received must match.
J1 received=J1 to be received
If J1 mismatched, the equipment will give
HP-TIM alarm at the corresponding VC4
Detect J1
J1 Detection flow
N Y
Match?
Give
HP-TIM Continue
Insert AIS
3 Signal label byte C2
Indicate the multiplexing structure of VC and
characteristics of info payload
C2 sent and C2 received must match. Once mismatched,
HP-SLM will be given out at the corresponding VC4.
C2=00000000 indicates VC4 is unequipped,
give HP-UNEQ alarm.
C2=00010010 indicates VC4 is equipped 140Mb/s signal
C2=00000010 indicates VC4 is equipped 2/34 Mb/s signal
Detect C2
C2 detection flow
N Y
000x
Y N
Match? HP-UNEQ
Continue HP-SLM
Insert AIS
4 Path Status byte G1
Indicates the transmission status of higher-order VC path
Informing:Receiver sends back to sender to let the latter
knows the transmission status.
HP-UNEQ
N HP-TIM Y
HP-SLM?
N HP-BBE? Y Send
back
HP-
RDI
Send
Continu back
e HP-
REI
2) Lower-order Path Overhead
Path status and signal label byte: V5
First byte in the multi-frame, where TU-PTR points to.
VC12 error block monitoring, VC12 path status informing,
signal label indication:
error block monitoring→LP-BBE
error block informing→LP-REI
signal label=000, corresponding path will give
LP-UNEQ
Once received TU-AIS,LP-TIM,LP-SLM,
using V5 to tell the opposite side, which will generate
LP-RDI alarm at corresponding VC12.
1 -2 BIP-2 3 REI 4 RFI 5-6-7 Signal Label 8 RDI
HUAWEI TRAINING
DetectV5
Detect
Detect
signal
error
label
blocks
N 000?
000? Y
Y errors?
N
Y Match?
N
LP-UNEQ
LP-BBE Continue
Continue LP-SLM
Send
back
Send back LP-REI
LP-RDI
HUAWEI TRAINING
Pointers AU-PTR---align the location
of VC4 in AU-4.
TU-PTR---align the location
of VC12 in TU12.
Together with framing
bytes A1, A2 to drop low-
rate signals directly from
AU-PTR TU-PTR high-rate signals(STM-N)
Administrative Unit Pointer (AU-PTR)
SDH Network is intended to be a synchronous network.
However, there will be a slight timing difference because
different clocks are being used or the same clock is
distributed over long distance .
MSOH
RSOH
H1 Y Y H2 F F H3 H3 H3 696-----------------------------------------------------782
MSOH
Value of pointer is in last ten bits of H1,H2 bytes. ( Total values 1024)
1 Administrative Unit Pointer---AU-PTR
Pointer values are placed in the last 10 bits in H1 and H2bytes.
3 bytes constitute a adjustment opportunity. The payload of
STM-1can be divided into 261*9/3=783 units.
Each unit has an address coordinates. AU-PTR is 0-782,
if the value of AU-PTR is not within this range, then
AU-LOP will be reported at the corresponding path, and
the signals of this path will be all “one”.
If the values of H1, H2, H3 in the received AU-PTR are all
“1”, the receiver will give out AU-AIS alarm, and insert
all “1”.
1 Common NEs in SDH Network
TM ADM TM
TM ADM TM
STM-N w e STM-N
REG
(Optical interface) (Optical interface)