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Statistics-with-R

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Ajay Pole
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8 views

Statistics-with-R

R language

Uploaded by

Ajay Pole
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics with R

By Namdev Pole
MBA 3rd Sem
Advanced Statistical Method Using R
Introduction to R
What is R? Why R?

R is a free and open-source programming language R is widely used in academia, industry, and government
designed specifically for statistical computing and data for a variety of purposes, including data analysis,
visualization. It offers a comprehensive set of tools for machine learning, and bioinformatics. It boasts a large
analyzing, manipulating, and visualizing data. and active community that contributes to its
development and provides support.
Data Import and
Manipulation
1 Import Data 2 Data Cleaning
R provides functions like R's "dplyr" package offers
"read.csv" and "read.table" efficient functions for data
for importing data from cleaning, including filtering,
various formats like CSV, sorting, and transforming
Excel, and text files. It's data, which are essential for
important to choose the preparing data for analysis.
right function based on your
data source.

3 Data Manipulation
Packages like "tidyr" and "reshape2" enable data manipulation
tasks like reshaping, merging, and aggregating data, creating tidy
and well-structured datasets.
Descriptive Statistics
Central Tendency Dispersion
Measures like mean, median, Measures like range,
and mode provide insights variance, and standard
into the center or typical deviation quantify the spread
value of a dataset. It's or variability of the data,
important to consider the reflecting how values are
distribution of the data when distributed around the central
choosing the appropriate tendency.
measure.

Visualization
Visualizing data using histograms, box plots, and scatter plots
provides a visual representation of the data distribution, allowing
for easier identification of patterns and outliers.
Probability Distributions

Normal Distribution
A bell-shaped distribution that models many naturally occurring phenomena.
Understanding its properties is crucial for statistical inference and hypothesis testing.

Discrete Distributions
Distributions that model discrete events, such as the outcome of rolling dice or the
number of successes in a series of trials.

Continuous Distributions
Distributions that model continuous data, like the height of individuals, and allow for
calculation of probabilities for specific ranges of values.
Hypothesis Testing
1 Define Hypotheses
State the null and alternative hypotheses, representing claims
about a population parameter. The null hypothesis is assumed
to be true until proven otherwise.

2 Choose a Test
Select the appropriate statistical test based on the data type,
sample size, and hypothesis being tested. R offers a wide range
of tests for different scenarios.

3 Interpret Results
Analyze the test results, including the p-value and confidence
intervals, to draw conclusions about the hypotheses and make
informed decisions based on the evidence.
Regression Analysis
Linear Regression
A statistical method for finding the linear relationship between a
dependent variable and one or more independent variables. It
helps predict the value of the dependent variable based on the
independent variables.

Multiple Regression
An extension of linear regression that incorporates multiple
independent variables, allowing for more complex modeling of
relationships and improved predictions.

Model Evaluation
Assess the performance of the regression model using metrics like
R-squared, RMSE, and p-values. These metrics provide insights into
the model's fit and predictive power.
Time Series Analysis
Data Preprocessing
Clean and prepare time series data by handling missing values, outliers, and transforming data to
1
achieve stationarity.

Trend Analysis
2 Identify the overall trend in the time series data, such as increasing, decreasing, or constant.
This helps understand the long-term behavior of the data.

Seasonal Analysis
3 Analyze any seasonal patterns or periodic fluctuations in the data, such as monthly
or quarterly variations, which may influence the data's behavior.

Forecasting
4 Use models like ARIMA or exponential smoothing to predict future values
based on historical data and observed patterns in the time series.
Model Evaluation and Diagnostics
Model Accuracy
1
Measure the model's ability to correctly predict outcomes. This is a key indicator of the model's overall performance.

Model Precision
2 Assess the model's ability to avoid false positives, meaning it correctly identifies the absence of a
condition.

Model Recall
3 Evaluate the model's ability to avoid false negatives, meaning it correctly identifies
the presence of a condition.

Residual Analysis
4 Examine the differences between predicted and actual values to
assess the model's assumptions and identify potential issues.
Conclusion and Key Takeaways
1
Power of R
R's comprehensive tools, open-source nature, and active community make it a powerful tool
for data analysis and visualization.

2
Diverse Applications
R finds applications in various domains, from finance and healthcare to social sciences and
engineering, demonstrating its versatility.

3
Future of Data Science
R continues to evolve with new packages and algorithms, making it an indispensable tool
for data scientists and statisticians.

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