Chapter 9
Exponential
and
Logarithmic
Functions
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9-1
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Chapter Sections
9.1 – Composite and Inverse Functions
9.2 – Exponential Functions
9.3 – Logarithmic Functions
9.4 – Properties of Logarithms
9.5 – Common Logarithms
9.6 – Exponential and Logarithmic
Equations
9.7 – Natural Exponential and Natural
Logarithmic Functions
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9-2
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§
9.3
Logarithmic
Functions
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9-3
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Define a Logarithm
Logarithm
For x > 0 and a > 0, a ≠ 1
y log a x means x a y
The expression logax is read “the logarithm of x
to the base a” or simply “log, base a, of x.”
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9-4
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Convert from Exponential Form to
Logarithmic Form
To convert from an exponential equation to a
logarithmic equation consider the following
diagram:
For
example:
23 8 is equivalent to log 2 8 3
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9-5
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Exponential Functions
Exponential Form Logarithmic Form
50 = 1 log101= 0
23 = 8 log28= 3
= 161
4
1 log1 2 1 = 4
2 16
6-2 = 1 log 6 1 = -2
36 36
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9-6
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Graph Logarithmic
Functions
Logarithmic Function
For any real number a > 0, a ≠ 1, and x > 0,
f ( x) log a x or y log a x
is a logarithmic function.
Examples of Logarithmic
Functions
f ( x) log 5 x y log1 / 2 x g(x) log 5 x
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9-7
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Graph Logarithmic
Functions
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
For all logarithmic functions of the form
f ( x) log a x or y log a x ,where a > 0, a ≠
1, and x > 0
1.The domain of the function is (0, ∞).
1
, - 1
2.The range of the function is (-∞, ∞).
a
3.The graph passes through the points ,
(1, 0), and (a, 1).
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9-8
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Graph Logarithmic
Functions
Example Graph y = log2x. State the domain
and range of the function.
In this equation, y = logax, where a = 2. y = log2x
means x = 2y. Using x = 2y, construct a table of
values.
The domain, is {x|x > 0} and the range is (-
∞, ∞). Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9-9
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Compare the Graphs of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9-10
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Compare the Graphs of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions
The graphs of y = ax and y = logax for a > 1 are
symmetric about the line y = x.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9-11
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