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11 views9 pages

CommSys5

Uploaded by

zorotoro7
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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‫بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم‬

University of Khartoum
B.Sc. of Communication Engineering
4th Year Electrical Engineering

Communications Systems I
EEE 41201

LECTURE 5

DEMODULATION OF SIGNALS
Moutaman Mirghani
Institute of Space Research and Aerospace (ISRA)
INTRODUCTION
A modulated signal is to be demodulated at the receiver
side in order to extract the information signal sent.
A demodulator uses a nonlinear device such as a
multiplier, squarer or a rectifier to demodulate the received
signal.
Note that; filtering is a linear process and hence it does not
extract the modulation signal used at the transmitter side.
Using a signal multiplier (or mixer) to multiply the received
signal with a locally generated carrier and then integrating,
is a sort of using a correlator as a demodulator.
For example, for a DSB-SC modulated signal , the product of the
signal with that of the local oscillator is

After integration using a LPF of a bandwidth sufficient to pass the


information signal m(t), it rejects the RF signal and yields
The same demodulator (detector) can be used to demodulate
AM signals as follows

the dc component and the information signal m(t), as follows


After lowpass filtering, the LPF rejects RF signals and passes

+
DC component carries no information, hence a considerable
amount of power is wasted in sending the carrier in AM.
On the other hand, in DSB-SC no power is wasted in sending
the carrier. The transmitted power is divided between the two
sidebands, LSB and USB.
For the transmitted AM signal, the carrier power is , while the
power in each sideband is . Power in both sidebands is .
Remembering that , then the total transmitted power is
PT = + = (1+
In case of 100% modulation, α=1 and the power will be , two
thirds of it is wasted in the carrier.
SYNCHRONOUS DETECTOR
The demodulator that uses a signal multiplier to multiply the
received signal with a local carrier is called synchronous detector,

If the signal received with a phase angle Φ , the product signal will
since the local carrier should be synchronized to the signal.

be

If the phase difference between the two signals is low, i.e. Φ 0, the

Φ ⟶ 90◦ that signal will disappear.


level of the demodulated signal won’t be so affected. However, as
Synchronous (or coherent) detector requires some carrier
recovery circuit in order to synchronize the local oscillator.
Local carrier should be coherent with the arriving modulated
signal, not the transmitter carrier. Why ?
The phase of received signal depends on its time of
propagation that depends on the distance and wavelength of
the RF signal.
Wave is a function of both time and space

The factor is known as the phase constant, which is related to


the wavelength as rad/m
ENVELOPE DETECTOR
As mentioned earlier, the synchronous detector above
can be used to demodulate AM signals.
However, another but more simpler and asynchronous
(non-coherent) detector is normally used, which is the
envelope detector.
It applies a nonlinear device, such as a half-wave
rectifier, in order to demodulate the signal. It includes
a simple LPF to reconstruct the signal.
After rectification, the LPF which is typically an RC
filter smoothens the rectified signal by filling the
empty portions.
In order to reduce distortion in the produced
signal, the bandwidth of the LPF should be

The dc component is used in automatic gain


control (AGC) to provide a feedback control
signal to the pre-detection amplifiers.
Compared to synchronous detector, envelope
detector is simpler and of little cost, but it is
not so sensitive and adds distortion to the
demodulated signal.
Finally, synchronous detector should be used
to detect DSB_SC signal, as envelope detector
can’t do it. That is why AM is most popular.

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