The Characteristics of Living Things

• The five basic characteristics of living things

are movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth,
Insert relevant image here.

reproduction, excretion, and nutrition (MRS

GREN).
 Identifying Species
• Species are groups of organisms that can
breedInsert
withrelevantone another to produce fertile
image here.

offspring. Identifying species involves looking

at physical features, behavior, and genetic
makeup.
 Cells
• The basic unit of life. Cells contain organelles
such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell
membrane, and in some cases, a cell wall and
chloroplasts (in plant cells).

Insert relevant image here.

 Microorganisms
• Tiny organisms that can only be seen under a
microscope, likehere.bacteria, viruses, fungi, and
Insert relevant image

algae. They can be beneficial or harmful to

humans.
 The States of Matter
• Matter exists in three primary states: solid,
liquid,Insertand gas.
relevant The state depends on the
image here.

arrangement and movement of particles.

 Atoms and Elements
• Atoms are the smallest units of matter.
Elements areimagesubstances
Insert relevant here. made up of only one
type of atom.
 Elements, Compounds, and
Mixtures
• Elements are pure substances made of one
type of
Insertatom. Compounds
relevant image here. are substances
made from two or more different elements
chemically bonded. Mixtures are
combinations of two or more substances that
are not chemically bonded.
 Physical Properties of Matter
• Physical properties are characteristics that can
be observed orhere.
Insert relevant image measured without changing
the substance, like color, density, melting
point, and boiling point.
 Chemical Reactions
• A process in which substances react to form
new substances.
Insert relevant image here.This involves breaking and

making chemical bonds.

 Acids and Alkalis
• Acids release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water and
have Insert
a pH less
relevant imagethan
here. 7. Alkalis release
hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water and have a pH
greater than 7.
 Measurements
• Measurements are used to quantify physical
properties like
Insert relevant image length,
here. mass, time,
temperature, and volume.
 Energy
• The ability to do work or cause change. It
existsInsert
inrelevant
forms image such
here. as kinetic, potential,
thermal, chemical, and electrical.
 Sounds
• A form of energy that travels as vibrations
through a medium
Insert relevant image here. like air. Sound requires a
medium to travel.
 Electricity
• The flow of electric charge, typically through
wires,Insert
driven byhere.a power source. It powers
relevant image

devices and can be either alternating or direct

current.
 The Earth in Space
• The Earth orbits the Sun, and the moon orbits
Earth.Insert
Earth’s axis
relevant image here. is tilted, giving rise to

seasons.
 A Closer Look at the Earth
• The Earth has a solid crust, a liquid mantle,
and aInsert
molten core.
relevant image here. Its atmosphere protects
life.
 Joints and Muscles
• Joints are where two bones meet, allowing
movement. Muscles
Insert relevant image here. contract to cause
movement at joints.
 Blood
• Blood is a fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients,
and waste products
Insert relevant image here. throughout the body. It
contains red blood cells, white blood cells,
plasma, and platelets.
 The Respiratory System
• The system responsible for breathing. It
involves theimage
Insert relevant lungs,
here. trachea, and diaphragm.
 A Healthy Diet
• A balanced diet includes carbohydrates,
proteins, fats,
Insert relevant imagevitamins,
here. minerals, fiber, and
water.
 A Healthy Lifestyle
• A healthy lifestyle includes regular exercise, a
balanced diet,
Insert relevant imageadequate
here. sleep, and managing
stress.
 Ecosystems Around the World
• An ecosystem is a community of living
organisms and
Insert relevant their physical environment
image here.

interacting as a system. Examples include

forests, deserts, and oceans.
 Investigating an Ecosystem
• Studying an ecosystem involves observing
interactions between
Insert relevant image here. biotic and abiotic
factors, including producers, consumers, and
decomposers.
 The Structure of Atoms
• Atoms consist of protons, neutrons (in the
nucleus), and
Insert relevant electrons
image here. (in orbitals around the
nucleus).
 Mixtures and Impurities
• A mixture is a combination of different
substances
Insert relevantthat are not chemically bonded.
image here.

Impurities are unwanted substances mixed in

with the main substance.
 The Reactivity of Metals
• The ability of metals to react with other
substances
Insert relevantlike oxygen or acids. Some metals,
image here.

like sodium, are highly reactive, while others,

like gold, are not.
 Exothermic and Endothermic
Reactions
• Exothermic reactions release heat.
Endothermic reactions
Insert relevant image here. absorb heat.
 Speed
• Speed is the distance traveled per unit of time.
Formula: Speed
Insert relevant = Distance ÷ Time.
image here.
 Forces
• A force is a push or pull on an object,
measured inimage
Insert relevant newtons
here. (N). Forces can change
an object's speed, direction, or shape.
 Pressure and Diffusion
• Pressure is the force applied per unit area.
Diffusion is the
Insert relevant movement of particles from an
image here.

area of high concentration to low

concentration.
 Light
• Light is a form of energy that travels in waves.
It canInsert
berelevant
reflected,
image here. refracted, or absorbed by
objects.
 Magnetism
• Magnetism is the force of attraction or
repulsion between
Insert relevant image here. certain materials, such as
magnets or the Earth’s magnetic field.
 Using the Earth’s Climate
• The Earth’s climate influences weather
patterns, ecosystems,
Insert relevant image here. and human activities.
Climate change refers to long-term changes in
these patterns.
 Inside a Galaxy
• A galaxy is a collection of stars, gas, dust, and
dark matter bound
Insert relevant image here. together by gravity. The
Milky Way is the galaxy we live in.
 Water and Life
• Water is essential for life. It serves as a
solvent, helps
Insert relevant imageregulate
here. temperature, and is
involved in many biological processes.
 Photosynthesis
• The process by which plants convert light
energy,
Insert carbon dioxide, and water into glucose
relevant image here.

and oxygen, using chlorophyll.

 Genetics
• The study of genes, heredity, and variation in
livingInsert
organisms.
relevant image here.It explains how traits are

passed from one generation to the next.

 Care in Foetal Development
• Proper nutrition, health, and safety measures
during pregnancy
Insert relevant image here. are crucial for the healthy

development of a fetus.
 Environmental Change and
Extinction
• Environmental change, such as climate change
or habitat destruction,
Insert relevant image here. can lead to the
extinction of species.
 The Periodic Table
• A chart that organizes elements by atomic
number, electron
Insert relevant image here. configuration, and recurring

chemical properties.
 Bonds and Structure
• Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons.
Covalent bonds
Insert relevant involve the sharing of
image here.

electrons. Metallic bonds involve the sharing

of free electrons between metal atoms.
 Density
• Density is the mass per unit volume of a
substance.
Insert relevantFormula:
image here. Density = Mass ÷ Volume.
 Displacement Reactions
• A type of reaction where one element
displaces another
Insert relevant image here. from a compound. For

example, a metal reacting with a salt solution.

 Preparing Common Salts
• Common salts like sodium chloride are
prepared byimage
Insert relevant neutralizing
here. an acid with a base.
 Rates of Reactions
• The speed at which reactants are converted
into products inhere.a chemical reaction. Factors
Insert relevant image

influencing reaction rates include

temperature, concentration, and surface area.
 Waves
• Waves are disturbances that transfer energy
from Insert
onerelevant
place to another. Types include
image here.

mechanical waves (sound) and

electromagnetic waves (light).
 Electrical Circuits
• A complete path through which electric
current
Insert can
relevant flow.
image here. Components include

resistors, capacitors, and power sources.

 Planet Earth
• Earth is the third planet from the Sun and has
the right conditions
Insert relevant image here. for life, including liquid
water and an atmosphere.
 Cycles on Earth
• Earth has many cycles, such as the water cycle,
carbon
Insertcycle, and
relevant image here. nitrogen cycle, which help

maintain balance in the environment.

 Earth in Space (Repeated)
• Earth orbits the Sun in the solar system, and
the position of here.
Insert relevant image the Earth in space influences
seasons, day/night cycles, and other natural
phenomena.