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15 views

week2-1

Uploaded by

abdullahinasirismail98
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Families of functions

• The family
• The family
• Power functions with non-integer exponents
• Piecewise functions
• Absolution value functions
• Polynomials
• Rational functions
• Trig functions
Even and Odd Functions
• Even functionsare symmetrical about the y-axis. They
have a line of symmetry (reflection)
about the y-axis.
• – Seen in semi-circles and parabolas

𝑦 =√ 𝑟 − 𝑥
2 2 2
𝑦 =𝑥
Even and Odd Functions

• Odd functionshave a point of symmetry about the


origin.
When the graph is rotated about the
origin,
– Seen in cubics and it gives the original graph.
hyperbolas

𝑘
𝑦 = ( 𝑥 ≠ 0) 3
𝑥 𝑦 =𝑥
Even and Odd Functions

• Ex. Prove that:


is an even function

is an odd function

isn’t an odd or even


function
Even and Odd Functions
a
.
2

b
.
3

3
3
Even and Odd Functions
c
.
The family
The family
Hyperbola
A hyperbola is a discontinuous function in the form of
xy=k or y=k/x where k is a constant

A discontinuous function means the function is not a


continuous curve.

The graph is in the form of two discontinuous curves which


cannot cross asymptotes (in this case the x-axis and y-axis)

An asymptote is a line which a curve approaches but


never touches
Hyperbola

• If k is positive the curves are in the 1st and 3rd


quadrant
• If k is negative the curves are in the 2nd and 4th
quadrant
• The larger a is the further away the curve will bend
from the asymptotes
• Can also be in the form or
– In this case the asymptotes are and

• E.g. Graph
First
rearrange:

From this we can see the


asymptotes are:
Now find
X-intercept intercepts . This
when . Y-intercept gives:
when
Now
SKETCH!
Power functions with non-integer exponents
When
Evaluate

Piecewise
functions
Graphing the piecewise function

In calculus, we say that f (x) has a jump discontinuity at x =1


Absolute value functions
Absolute Values

• An absolute value is the positive distance away


from zero and is denoted by
– Basically remove the negative if there is one
• E.g. Solve
Absolute Value graphs
• E.g. Graph:
Real-world application
Increasing the speed at which air
moves over a person's skin increases
the rate of moisture evaporation and
makes the person feel cooler. (This is
why we fan ourselves in hot weather.)
The wind chill index is the
temperature at a wind speed of 4 mi/h
that would produce the same
sensation on exposed skin as the
current temperature and wind speed
combination. An empirical formula
(i.e., a formula based on experimental
data) for the wind chill index W at 32°
F for a wind speed of u mi/h is
Polynomials
Sketching the polynomials Quadratic Functions we saw how
to sketch the graph of a
the finding
quadratic by locating
intercept the
s vertex.

Sketching polyn
omial functions
The vertex is an example of a
turning point.
For polynomials of degree greater than 2, finding turning points is not an elementary procedure
and usually requires the use of calculus, however:

•To find the y-intercept, we put x = 0.

•To find the x-intercepts, we put y = 0 and solve the corresponding polynomial equation, if
possible.
y = x3 + x2 − 6x = x(x − 2)(x + 3).

To get a picture of the overall shape of the curve, we can substitute some test points.

We can represent the sign of y using a sign diagram:

With this information, we can begin to give a sketch of the graph of y = x(x − 2)(x + 3).
Rational functions
Algebraic functions
Trig
functions
Convertin
g radian
measure
to degree
Domain of cosine and sine is (−∞,∞),
their range is [−1,1].

These two functions are periodic with


main period 2π.
Domain of tangent function is all x except those x
where cos(x)=0.

Range of tangent function is (−∞,∞).

Tangent is periodic function with period π:


tan(x+π)=tan(x) for all x.

Domain of cotangent function is all x except


those x where sin(x)=0.

Range of cotangent function is (−∞,∞).

Cotangent is periodic function with period π:


cot(x+π)=cot(x) for all x.
The Families of sine & cosine
f ( x)  A sin( Bx  C )  D
g ( x)  A cos( Bx  C )  D
• Domain of sine and cosineis
.

• Range of sine and cosine is [–|A|+D, |A|+D].


• The amplitude of a sine and cosine graph is |A|.
• The vertical shift or average value of sine and cosine graph is
D.
2
.
B
• The period of sine and cosine graph
C
. is
B
• The phase shift or horizontal shift is
Sine graphs

y = sin(x)

y = sin(x) + 3
y = 3sin(x)

y = sin(3x)

y = sin(x – 3)
y = 3sin(3x-9)+3
y = sin(x)
y = sin(x/3)
Graphs of cosine

y = cos(x)

y = cos(x) + 3
y = 3cos(x)

y = cos(3x)

y = cos(x – 3) y = 3cos(3x – 9) + 3
y = cos(x)

y = cos(x/3)
𝜋
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2 𝑥 − )
2
Equations of the form

arise in the study of vibrations and other periodic motion.

Use the trigonometric identity for sin( ) to show that this equation
can be expressed in the form.
Inverse functions
What is an Inverse?
Examples:
f(x) = x – 3 f-1(x) = x + 3
g(x) = x ,x≥0 g-1(x) = x2 , x ≥ 0
h(x) = 2x h-1(x) = ½ x
k(x) = -x + 3 k-1(x)= -(x –
3)
Illustration of the Definition of Inverse
Functions

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 47


How do we know if an
inverse function exists?
one to one.

48
Horizontal Line Test

Example: The function


y = x2 – 4x + 7 is not one-to-one because a
horizontal line can intersect the graph
twice. Examples points: (0, 7) & (4, 7). y
(0, 7) (4, 7)
y=7
2
x
2
Example: Apply the horizontal line test to the graphs below to determine if
the functions are one-to-one.

a) y = x3 b) y = x3 + 3x2 – x – 1
y y
8 8

4 4

-4 4 -4 4
x x

one-to-one not one-to-one


The Inverse is a Function The Inverse is a Relation
The graphs of a relation and its inverse are reflections in the line y = x.

Example: Find the graph of the inverse relation


geometrically from the graph of f (x) = 1 ( x 3  2)
4
The ordered pairs of f are given by y y=x
1
the equation y  ( x 3  2) . 2
4
The ordered pairs of the inverse are
1 3 x
given by x  ( y  2) . -2 2
4
-2
3
( y  2) ( x 3  2)
x y
4 4
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Graph of
an
Inverse
Function
Functions and their inverses
are symmetric over the line
y =x

52
To find the inverse of a
relation algebraically,
interchange x and y and
solve for y.
Example: Find the inverse relation
algebraically for the function f (x) = 3x +
2.

53
Find the inverse, then verify the inverse
algebraically.

Is it an inverse function?
DETERMINING IF 2 FUNCTIONS ARE INVERSES:
Verifying inverse functions by composition

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights


reserved.

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