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Wireless Internet

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7 views

Wireless Internet

Uploaded by

abdullahtaj719
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wireless Internet

1
Name:Kamran Abdul Majeed Khan
PRN No:2030331246061

Under the guidance of:-


Ektaa Meshram Mam
Contents

• What is wireless internet


• Motivation for mobile IP
• Terminology
• Mobile IP with reverse tunneling
• Network integration
• Encapsulation
What is Wireless Internet?
Wireless Internet refers to the extension of the services offered by the
Internet to mobile users.
• Many issues need to be solved for wireless Internet:
• Address mobility: Traditional IP addressing does not support address mobility. Mobile
IP is a solution to these network layer issue.
• Inefficiency of transport layer protocols: Traditional TCP might falsely identify that the
data loss is because of congestion but in fact because of transmission errors and then
reduce the transmitting rate. This would make the situation even worse. Indirect-TCP
(ITCP), snoop TCP, and mobile TCP are some solutions to these transport layer issues.
• Inefficiency of application layer protocols: The capabilities of and the bandwidth for
the handheld devices are limited. Traditional application protocols are not efficient for
wireless networks. Wireless application protocol (WAP) is some solution to these
application layer issues.
Motivation for Mobile IP
• Problem: Routing
• based on IP destination address, network prefix (e.g. 156.26.10) determines
physical subnet
• change of physical subnet implies change of IP address to have a topological correct
address (standard IP) or needs special entries in the routing tables
• Solution : Changing the IP-address?
• adjust the host IP address depending on the current location
• almost impossible to find a mobile system, DNS updates take to long time
• TCP connections break, security problems
• Solution: Specific routes to end-systems?
• change of all routing table entries to forward packets to the right destination
• does not scale with the number of mobile hosts and frequent changes in the
location, .security problems
Terminology
• Mobile Node (MN): system (node) that can change the point of connection
to the network without changing its IP address
• Home Agent (HA)
• system in the home network of the MN, typically a router
• registers the location of the MN, tunnels IP datagrams to the COA
• Foreign Agent (FA)
• system in the current foreign network of the MN, typically a router
• forwards the tunneled datagrams to the MN, typically also the default router for
the MN
• Correspondent Node (CN): communication partner
• Care-of Address (COA)
• address of the current tunnel end-point for the MN (at FA or MN)
• actual location of the MN from an IP point of view
• can be chosen, e.g., via DHCP
6
Mobile IP with Reverse Tunneling
• Normally, the Mobile Node sends packets directly back
to the Correspondent Node. But this might not work all
the time.
• Ingress filtering: Some routers filter those packets that don’t
have the same network subnet as the network where those
packets are sent. For example, Without a reverse tunnel a
multicast packet sent from the MN will be filtered by the
routers.
• Firewalls: Most firewalls filter and drop packets that originate
from outside the local network but appear has a source address
that belongs to the local network. The packets sent to the home
network might be dropped.
• Time to live (TTL): TTL in the home network is correct, but
might be too low because MN is to far away from the receiver.
7
• With reverse tunneling, the Mobile Node sends packets back to the
Correspondent Node through a tunnel between its Care-of Address
and the Home Agent. The Home Agent then forwards the packet to
the Correspondent Node.
• Reverse tunneling does not solve
• problems with firewalls, the reverse tunnel can be abused to circumvent
security mechanisms (tunnel hijacking)
• optimization of data paths, i.e. packets will be forwarded through the tunnel
via the HA to a sender (double triangular routing)
• The reverse tunneling standard
• Define reverse tunneling as an extension to mobile IP.
• Designed backwards-compatible to mobile IP
• An option to mobile IP (RFC 3344)
• The extensions can be implemented easily and cooperate with those
implementations without these extensions.
Network integration
• Agent Advertisement
• HA and FA periodically send advertisement messages into their physical subnets
• MN listens to these messages and detects, if it is in the home or a foreign network
(standard case for home network)
• MN reads a COA from the FA advertisement messages

• Agent solicitation
• MN can search for an FA by sending out solicitation messages.

• Registration (always limited lifetime!)


• MN signals COA to the HA via the FA, HA acknowledges via FA to MN
• these actions have to be secured by authentication

10
• Integration
• HA advertises the IP address of the MN (as for fixed systems), i.e. standard routing information
• routers adjust their entries, these are stable for a longer time (HA responsible for a MN over a longer
period of time)
• packets to the MN are sent to the HA,
• independent of changes in COA/FA
Encapsulation
 A tunnel establishes a virtual pipe between a tunnel entry and a
tunnel endpoint.
 Encapsulation is the mechanism of taking a packet consisting of
packet header and data and putting it into the data part of a new
packet.
 Decapsulation is an operation that takes a packet out of the data
part of another packet.
original IP header original data

new IP header new data

outer header inner header original data

12
Thank you

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