1

Simplified Techniques for load balancing and

Power factor Improvement in Power Systems

ICPC2T 2020
 2

Introduction
Motivation
 An imbalance in currents due to imperfections in load can leads to adverse effects like relay
malfunctioning, rotor and stator losses in motor, losses in line, unsymmetry in meter readings.
 For power quality improvement, to supply the reactive power, to improve stability and security of
the system, load compensation is required.
 The existing methods have certain limitations.

Objective
 To estimate the simplified techniques for the determination of compensator impedances used in
power systems for load compensation.
 To balance the load, improve the system power factor and to compensate the reactive power.

ICPC2T 2020
 3

Methodology
1. Wattmeter Method:
T
1 1
B 
ab
2 vbcial  vca ibl  vabicl dt (1)
3 3V T 0
For a 3-ϕ, 3- wire system,
vab  vbc  vca 0 and ial  ibl  icl 0
T
1
v .i  vbc .ibl dt
ab
B K ac al (2)
T 0

  where W
T
1
v .ial dt
ab a b a
B K Wac  Wbc ab  ab
Fig .1: A compensation for delta connected load T 0

Methods chosen
1. Wattmeter Method
1
2. Modified Sampling Method K
3 3V 2
Fig. 2: Block diagram representing proposed wattmeter method
3
ICPC2T 2020
 6

Methodology
1(a). Two wattmeter method (For any load) 1(b). Three wattmeter method (For Resistive load)

B
ab
 a
K Wac  Wbc
b
 B
ab

2K
3
 a b
Wab  Wbc  2Wbc
b

K W  2K
 
bc b c
B ba  Wca B 
bc a b
Wab  Wbc  2Wca
c

3
ca

B K Wcb  Wab
c a
 B
ca

2K
 b c
Wbc  Wca  2Wab
a

3

Fig. 3: Wattmeter connections for two wattmeter method Fig. 4: Wattmeter connections for three wattmeter method
4
ICPC2T 2020
 5

Table 1: System parameter specification

Results
200 ial
Source Voltage (rms), 400 V, 50Hz ibl
icl
Frequency 100

Line currents (A)

Source Resistance (Rs), 0.01 Ω, 0.01 µH 0

Inductance (Ls)
-100

Sampling time 5×10-5 sec Ton

R= 0 ohm
T1
R= 0.1 ohm
T2
R= 1 ohm
-200
Sampling Frequency 20 kHz
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
ab
Z l 5  j12 time (s)
bc
Z l 3  j 4 Fig. 8: Waveforms of three-line currents before and after compensation
𝛥- Connected Load
ca
Z l 9  j12
1
Table 2: Compensator parameter specification

power factor
ab 0.8 Pfa
Z   j 40.303  Pfb
bc 0.6
Impedances Z   j 6.493  Pfc
ca 0.4
Z   j 902.91 
0.2 R= 0 ohm R= 0.1 ohm T2 R= 1 ohm
Ton T1
Ton = 0.1 s R 0  0
Compensator T1 = 0.2 s R 0 .1 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
time (s)
ON T2 = 0.3 s R 1 Fig. 9: Waveforms of the power factors before and after compensation

ICPC2T 2020
 6

Table 2: Compensator parameter specification

Results
400 vc

voltage (V) and current (A)

ab ic
Z   j 40.303 
200
Impedances bc
Z   j 6.493 

phase - c
ca
Z   j 902.91  0

Ton = 0.1 s R 0  -200

Compensator T1 = 0.2 s R 0 .1
ON T2 = 0.3 s R 1 -400 Ton R= 0 ohm T1 R= 0.1 ohm T2 R= 1 ohm

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

time (s)
Table 3: Variation of average power loss with resistance Fig. 10: Waveforms of phase-c voltage, line current before and after
compensation
Resistance (Ω) Avg. Ploss(W)
10000

0 0
0.1 400

power loss (W)

5000

1 4000
0

Ton R= 0 ohm T1 R= 0.1 ohm T2 R= 1 ohm

Hence, a compensator with less internal 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
resistance has to be chosen time (s)
Fig. 11: Waveforms of the power factors before and after compensation

ICPC2T 2020
 7

Key References
[1] L. Gyugyi, R. A. Otto, and T. H. Puttaman, “Principles and Application of Static Thyristor-Controlled Shunt
Compensators,” Trans. IEEE, Power Appar. Syst. 97, 1935-1945. (September/October 1978).
[2] H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, k. Fujita, and A. Nabae, “Generalized theory of the instantaneous reactive power and its
application” Electrical Engineering in Japan, vol. 103, no. 4, pp 58-65, 1983.
[3] T.J.E. Miller, Ed., Reactive Power Control in Electric Systems, New York: John Wiley, 1982.
[4] A. Ghosh and A. Joshi, “A new method for load balancing and power factor correction using instantaneous symmetrical
components,” IEEE Power Engg. Review, to be Published.
[5] Dr. Mahesh Kumar, “Power Quality in Power Distribution Systems”, NPTEL notes, Elec. Eng., IIT Madras.
[6] A. Venkadesan, D. Haneesha, G. Bhavana, K. Sedhuraman, “Comparision of Feed Forward and Cascade Neural
Network
for harmonic current estimation in power electronic converter”, Trans. IEEE in Elec. Sciences, 2017.
[7] E. D. Watanabe, R. M. Stephan, and M. Aredes, “New Concepts of instantaneous active and reactive powers in electrical
systems with generic load,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 697-703, 1993.

ICPC2T 2020
Thank you

ICPC2T 2020