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LEC.1

Introduction to X-ray

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35 views20 pages

LEC.1

Introduction to X-ray

Uploaded by

rasool.mohammed199793
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ASHUR UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTEMENT

Introduction to X-ray
Medical Instrumentation
Third Stage – First Term

Rasool AL-Gburi

1
Outline

 What is x-ray?
 X-ray Tube

2
What is x-ray?

X-rays are photons a form of electromagnetic


radiation or energy of extremely short wavelength.
The shorter the wavelength of an electromagnetic
radiation form, the greater its energy and, as a rule,
the greater its ability to penetrate various materials.

3
What is x-ray?

4
X-ray Tube

An x-ray tube consists of two electrodes sealed into


an evacuated glass envelope. The cathode is the
negative side of the x-ray tube; it has two primary
parts, a filament (fine tungsten coil) and a focusing
cup. The anode is the positive side of the x-ray tube;
it conducts electricity, radiates heat,
and contains the target. Usually of tungsten 5
X-ray Tube

6
X-ray Tube

Cathode
The cathode assembly normally consists of two
parts
 An electron source (emitter)
 An auxiliary electrode surrounding it
The electron emitter is usually a coiled wire
filament 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter of reasonably high 7
X-ray Tube

Cathode
A metal is chosen for the cathode that will give a
copious supply of electrons by thermionic emission
at temperatures where there is very little
evaporation of metal atoms into the vacuum (e.g.
tungsten, melting point of 3370°C).
Filament, surrounded by a focusing cup 8
X-ray Tube

Cathode
Focusing cup is used to focus the electrons on a
small area (focal spot) in the anode Tungsten
vaporization with deposition on the inside of the
glass enclosure is the most common cause of tube
failure.
An x-ray tube filament emits electrons when it is 9
X-ray Tube

Cathode
When the current through the filament is
sufficiently high, the outer- shell electrons of the
filament atoms are “boiled off” and ejected from the
filament. This phenomenon is known as thermionic
emission
10
X-ray Tube

Cathode

11
X-ray Tube

The Filaments
Many x-ray tubes have two filaments (dual focus) so
that the tubes can have a greater variety of
exposures
 When the small filament is activated, its electrons
are directed to a tiny focal spot on the target.
12
X-ray Tube

The Filaments
The small filament and focal spot provide finer
image detail when a relatively small exposure is
appropriate—for example, when imaging a small
body part such as a toe or wrist

13
X-ray Tube

The Filaments
The large filament provides more electrons and is
aimed at a somewhat larger target area. The
combination of large filament and large focal spot is
used when a large exposure is required, such as for
radiographs of the lumbar spine or the abdomen.
14
X-ray Tube

Focusing Cup
The focusing cup controls the width of the electron
distribution, and directs the electron toward the target
All of the accelerated electrons are electrically negative,
the electron beam tends to spread out owing to
electrostatic repulsion. Some electrons can even miss
the anode completely.
15
X-ray Tube

Space charge effect: When the applied kV is zero or


small, the electrons surrounding the filament forms a
cloud, resulting in space charge effect. As the kVp is
increased, (0–40 kV) the effect of space charge reduces
gradually and the tube current also increases.
Saturation: Above 40 kVp, the space charge effect is
overcome, and the tube current is controlled by the
filament current. This is called the saturation
16
X-ray Tube

The Anode
Anode is the positive side
of the x-ray tube. There
are two types of anodes,
stationary and rotating.

17
X-ray Tube

The Anode
General-purpose x-ray tubes use the rotating anode
because they must be capable of producing high-
intensity x-ray beams in a short time
The target is the area of the anode struck by the
electrons from the cathode. The anode surface is steeply
angled to the electron beam.
18
X-ray Tube

Tungsten
Is the material of choice for the target for general
radiography for three main reasons:
 A high melting point so that the large amount of heat
released causes minimal damage to the anode,
therefore can stand up under high tube current
without pitting or bubbling.
19
X-ray Tube

Tungsten
 A high conversion efficiency for electrons into X-rays.
High atomic numbers are favoured since the X-ray
intensity is proportional to Z. At 100 keV, lead (Z =
82) converts 1% of the energy into X-rays but
aluminium (Z = 13) converts only about 0.1%
 A high conductivity so that the heat is removed rapidly
20

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