CH- 2, CL - 6
THE FLOWER
• Flowers develop from floral buds
• The reproductive part of a plant.
• It is attached to the stem by a
stalk called a pedicel
• The tip of the pedicel is swollen.
It is called the thalamus.
• Flowers that do not have a
pedicel are called sessile flowers
PARTS OF A FLOWER
• 1. Calyx
• Outermost whorl of a
flower
• Made of sepals- small
green leaf-like parts.
• Protect the inner parts
of the flower during
the bud stage.
PARTS OF A FLOWER
• 2. Corolla
• Second inner whorl.
• It is made of petals.
• Brightly-coloured petals
attract insects or birds
for pollination. The
petals of some flowers
have a natural
fragrance.
• 3. Androecium
• third inner whorl.
• It is made of stamens.
• Male reproductive part.
• Each stamen has a filament and an anther.
• The anther contains pollen sacs. The pollen sacs are filled with
pollen grains.
• Pollen grains look like a yellow powdery substance. They contain
• 4. Gynoecium
• Fourth and innermost whorl of a flower.
• It is made of the pistil (carpel).
• Female reproductive part.
• The stigma- is sticky, rough and hairy. It
receives pollen grains during pollination
• Style- connects the stigma to the ovary. It also
transfers the male gamete to the ovary.
• Ovary-contains tiny structures called ovules
TYPES OF FLOWERS
A flower that has all four whorls is called a complete flower. Examples
are China rose, mustard and pea.
A flower that has one or more whorls missing is called an incomplete
flower. Examples are date palm and mulberry.
TYPES OF FLOWERS
A flower that has either the pistil or the stamens is called a unisexual
flower. Example- papaya, watermelon, cucumber.
A flower that has both pistil and stamens is called bisexual flower.
Examples are rose, mustard and China rose.
POLLINATION
• 1. Self Pollination: When pollen grains are transferred from the anther of a
flower to the stigma of the same flower or another flower, borne on the same
plant, it is called self pollination.
• 2. Cross Pollination
• When pollen grains are transferred from the anther of a flower of one plant to
the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same kind, it is called cross
pollination.
AGENTS OF POLLINATION
• 1. Insects: Example, pollination in
rose, Salvia, Dahlia and marigold.
• Features:
• Large and brightly-coloured,
• They produce sweet nectar and
have a fragrance,
• The pollen grains are sticky
• 2. Wind: Example, pollination in
maize, palm, wheat, grass and rice.
• Features:
• Flowers are generally small and not
clearly visible.
• The stigma is large and feathery.
• Pollen grains are lightweight, small
and dry.
• 3. Water: Example, pollination in
Vallisneria, Hydrilla.
• Features:
• Flowers are small in size.
• Pollen grains are lightweight and
easily float on water
• Pollen grains are covered with a
waxy coating.
FERTILISATION
CHANGES IN EACH PART OF FLOWER AFTER
FERTILISATION
• The ovary of the flower swells
and changes into fruit.
• The ovules develop into
seeds.
• The other parts of the flower
like stamens, style and
stigma, dry and fall off.
• False fruits:Some fruits
• Fleshy Fruits: • Dry Fruits: pericarp is do not develop from
pericarp is soft and not fleshy but dry and the ovary. They
fleshy. Examples are hard. Examples are develop from the
grape, tomato and almond, walnut. other parts of the
papaya . flower. Examples are
apple and pear.
SEED
• A seed is a mature fertilised
ovule. It contains a baby plant.
• Seed Coat: It is a thick outer
covering.
• Embryo:
• Radicle: It gives rise to the
root system
• Plumule: It gives rise to the
shoot system.
• Cotyledons are seed leaves.
STRUCTURE OF A DICOT SEED
• 1. Seed Coat: It is the thick and tough outer
covering of the seed. Function : protection. 2
layers-
• outer tough layer: testa. The inner thin
layer :tegmen.
• The seed is attached to the fruit at the hilum.
• Small pore above the hilum called the micropyle.
Water enters the seed through the micropyle.
• 2. Cotyledons: There are two cotyledons. They are
fleshy and store food.
• 3. Embryo: It consists of the radicle and the
STRUCTURE OF A MONOCOT SEED
• 1. Seed Coat
• 2. Endosperm: It stores food in the form of
starch.
• 3. Aleurone layer: A thin layer separates the
endosperm and the embryo. It is rich in
protein.
• 4. Cotyledon: There is only one cotyledon. It
is thin and lacks food.
• 5. Embryo: The embryo consists of the
radicle and the plumule. The radicle is
protected by a sheath called the coleorhiza.
It gives rise to the root. The plumule is
protected by a sheath called the coleoptile.
TYPES OF GERMINATION
