“An image is worth more

than a thousand words”

1.1 Introduction to Digital Image Processing
 Outcomes of this class:

• Concept of Digital Image Processing

• Significance of Digital Image Processing

Why image?
Why image?
What is an image?
What is an image?
An image is a two dimensional representation of a three
dimensional scene.
What is an image?
An image is a two dimensional representation of
a three dimensional scene.

An image may be defined as a two dimensional

function f(x,y), where x and y are spatial
coordinates and the amplitude of ‘f’ is called the
intensity or the gray level.
What is a digital image?
What is a digital image?

A digital image is an image in which x, y and the

amplitude f are all finite, discrete quantities, then
the image is called a digital image.
What is a digital image?
What is a digital image?

A digital image is an image in which x, y and the

amplitude f are all finite, discrete quantities, then
the image is called a digital image.
What is a pixel?
What is a pixel?
 What is a pixel?

Pixel is the smallest, controllable element of a picture.

What is digital image processing?
What is digital image processing?
What is digital image processing?

The term digital image processing refers to

the manipulation of a digital image by means
of a processor.
Why do we need digital image processing?
Why do we need digital image processing?

1. Improvement of pictorial information for

human perception
Why do we need digital image processing?

1. Improvement of pictorial information for

human perception

2. Image processing for autonomous machine

applications.
Why do we need digital image processing?

1. Improvement of pictorial information for

human perception

2. Image processing for autonomous machine

applications.

3. Efficient storage and transmission of

digital images.
1. Improvement of pictorial information for
human perception

a. Noise Filtering
b. Content enhancement - contrast enhancement
- de-blurring
Before Filtering After Filtering the Noise
“Lena” image Before “Lena” image After
Contrast Enhancement Contrast Enhancement
Effect of motion blurring After motion de-blurring
Enhancement of region of interest

© 2009 R. C Gonzalez & R. E Woods

Contrast Enhancement of Arial image

Before After © 2009 R. C Gonzalez & R. E Woods

Ultra sound color Doppler test image enhancement

© 2009 R. C Gonzalez & R. E Woods

Image enhancement for detecting the intensity of hurricane

© 2009 R. C Gonzalez & R. E Woods

2. Image processing for autonomous machine
applications.

© 2009 R. C Gonzalez & R. E Woods

2. Image processing for autonomous machine
applications.

© 2009 R. C Gonzalez & R. E Woods

3. Image Compression for efficient storage and
transmission of digital images

36 MB 10MB
Image compression is done by exploiting the
redundancy of information.
Why do we need digital image processing?

1. Improvement of pictorial information for

human perception

2. Image processing for autonomous machine

applications.

3. Efficient storage and transmission of

digital images.
1.2 Introduction to Digital Image Processing
Types of digital Images

Types of Image Processing

Applications of Digital Image Processing

Image types

1.Black and white or binary images

2.Gray scale images
3.Color images
4.Multispectral images
1. Black and white or binary images
2. Gray scale image
or monochrome image (one Color image)
3. Color image
3. Color image

A color image has three values per pixel and they

measure the intensity and chrominance of light.

Each pixel is a vector of Color components. Color

images can be modeled as three-band monochrome
image data, where each band of data corresponds to
a different Color.

Common Color spaces are RGB (Red, Green, and

Blue), HSV (Hue, saturation, value) and CMTK (Cyan,
Magenta, yellow, black)
4. Multispectral image

Source: https://www.wired.com/2014/04/the-world-looks-different-when-you-see-in-infrared
Classification or types of image processing

1. Low level image processing

2. Mid level image processing

3. High level image processing

 Classification or types of image processing
Type Input Output Example
1 Low Level Image Image Noise removal, Image
Image sharpening, contrast
Processing enhancement, de-
blurring, edge detection
1. Low Level Image Processing
Example: 1. Image sharpening

Before © 2009 R. C Gonzalez & R. E Woods

After
Example: 2: Edge detection

Original Image Edge Image

Source: https://towardsdatascience.com
 Classification or types of image processing
Type Input Output Example
1 Low Level Image Image Noise removal, Image
Image sharpening, contrast
Processing enhancement, de-
blurring, edge detection
2 Mid Level Image Attributes Segmentation, Image
Image Recognition
Processing
2. Mid Level Image Processing

Example: Segmentation -Extracting the region

of interest

Source: http://andyzeng.github.io/irisrecognition
 Classification or types of image processing
Type Input Output Example
1 Low Level Image Image Noise removal, Image
Image sharpening, contrast
Processing enhancement, de-
blurring, edge detection
2 Mid Level Image Attributes Segmentation, Image
Image Recognition
Processing
3 High Level Attributes Understanding Sense understanding,
Image Autonomous navigation
Processing
Example: Sign Language classification

Source: https://towardsai.net
 Applications of image Processing
1. Office automation:
Optical character recognition
Document Processing
Cursive script recognition
Identification of an area on envelope etc
2. Industrial automation:
Automatic assembly
Automatic inspection system
PCB Checking
Robotics
Non destructive testing
Process related to VLSI Manufacturing
Oil exploration
Process Control Applications
 Applications of image Processing
3. Biomedical Applications:
ECG, EEG, EMG Analysis
Automated Radiology and Pathology
X-ray image analysis
Mammogram cancer MRI etc
4. Remote Sensing:
Natural Resource Survey
Crop Assessment
Hydrology, Forestry
Urban Planning
Traffic monitoring
Air field etc.
 Applications of image Processing
5. Criminology:
Finger Print Recognition
Face Recognition
Iris Recognition etc

6. Astronomy and Space Applications

7. Meteorology:
Short term weather forecasting
Could pattern analysis etc
 Applications of image Processing
8. Information Technology:
Image transmission
Video text
Video Conferencing
Video phones etc.

9. Entertainment and Consumer Electronics:

Internet
Video editing
 Applications of image Processing
10. Printing and Graphic Arts: Desktop publishing etc

11.Military Applications:
Missile guidance
Missile detection
Target identification
Range finding etc

12. IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY OF APPEARANCE

etc……
Outcomes of this class:

• Types of images

• Types of Image Processing

• Applications of Image Processing