Chapter 2

Transformers

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Transformer
Is a device that changes AC electrical power at one level of
voltage and current into AC electrical power at another level
of voltage and current through the action of magnetic field,
without a change in frequency.
The transformer is probably one of the most useful electrical
devices ever invented. It can change the magnitude of
alternating voltage or current from one value to another. This
useful property of transformer is mainly responsible for the
widespread use of alternating currents rather than direct
currents i.e., electric power is generated, transmitted and
distributed in the form of alternating current. Transformers
have no moving parts, rugged and durable in construction,
thus requiring very little attention. They also have a very high
efficiency—as high as 99%. In this chapter, we shall study
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some of the basic properties of transformers.
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 Transformers

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Very large three-phase network transformer.
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Different levels of voltages

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• Transformer
• A transformer is a static piece of equipment used either for raising
or lowering the voltage of an a.c. supply with a corresponding
decrease or increase in current. It essentially consists of two
windings, the primary and secondary, wound on a common
laminated magnetic core as shown in Fig. (1).
• The winding connected to the a.c. source is called primary winding
(or primary) and the one connected to load is called secondary
winding (or secondary).
• The alternating voltage V1 whose magnitude is to be changed is
applied to the primary.
• Depending upon the number of turns of the primary (N 1) and
secondary (N2), an alternating e.m.f. E2 is induced in the secondary.
• This induced e.m.f. E2 in the secondary causes a secondary current I2.
Consequently, terminal voltage V2 will appear across the load.
• If V2 > V1, it is called aAssist.
step up-transformer. On the other hand, if
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 Fig.(1)
The following points may be noted carefully:
(i) The transformer action is based on the laws of electromagnetic
induction.
(ii) There is no electrical connection between the primary and secondary.
The a.c. power is transferred from primary to secondary through
magnetic flux.
(iii) There is no change in frequency i.e., output power has the same
frequency as the input power.
(iv) The losses that occur in a transformer are:
(a) core losses—(eddy current and hysteresis losses).
(b) copper losses—in the resistance of the windings.
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Working
• When an alternating voltage V1 is applied to the
primary, an alternating flux Ф is set up in the core.
This alternating flux links both the windings and
induces e.m.f.s E1 and E2 in them according to
Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction. The
e.m.f. E1 is termed as primary e.m.f. and e.m.f. E2 is
termed as secondary e.m.f.

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 Types of Transformers
• Based on TURNS RATIO
1. step-up
turns ratio > 1
V S > VP
IS < IP

2. step-down
turns ratio < 1
V S < VP
IS > IP

If N2 > N1, then E2 > E1 (or V2 > V1) and we get a step-up transformer. On the
other hand, if N2 < N1, then E2 < E1 (or V2 < V1) and we get a step-down
transformer. Assist. Prof. Aree Akram / Elect.Eng.dept.
Theory of an Ideal Transformer
An ideal transformer is one that has
(i) no winding resistance.
(ii) no leakage flux i.e., the same flux links both the windings.
(iii) no iron losses (i.e., eddy current and hysteresis losses) in the core.

Although ideal transformer cannot be physically realized, yet its study

provides a very powerful tool in the analysis of a practical transformer. In
fact, practical transformers have properties that approach very close to an
ideal transformer.

Fig. ( 2 ) Ideal transformer on no load

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Ideal Transformer on no-load
When an alternating voltage V1 is applied to the primary, it draws a small
magnetizing current Im which lags behind the applied voltage by 90°.
This alternating current Im produces an alternating flux Ф which is
proportional to and in phase with it.
The alternating flux Ф links both the windings and induces e.m.f. E1 in the
primary and e.m.f. E2 in the secondary.
The primary e.m.f. E1 is, at every instant, equal to and in opposition to
V1(Lenz’s law). Both e.m.f.s E1 and E2 lag behind flux Ф by 90°.

Fig. ( 3 ) Phasor diagram of an ideal transformer on no load

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E.M.F. Equation of a Transformer
Consider that an alternating voltage V1 of frequency Ф is applied to the primary as
shown in Fig. (2 (i)). The sinusoidal flux Ф produced by the primary can be represented
as:
Ф = Фm Sinwt
The instantaneous e.m.f. e1 induced in the primary is

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 Phasor diagram

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 Transformer Construction
• Two types of iron-core construction:
a) Core - type construction
b) Shell - type construction

 Core - type construction

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 Transformer Construction
 Shell - type construction

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Advantages of Parallel Operation of Transformers.
1)To share loads:
When load is increased and it exceeds the capacity of existing transformer, another
transformer may be connected in parallel with the existing transformer to supply the
increased load.
2)To maximize the efficiency of electrical power system :
Power transformer gives the maximum efficiency when they works on full load. By
connecting numbers of transformers in parallel, we can switch on only those
transformers which will give the total demand by running nearer to its full load
rating for that time. When load increases we can switch on more transformers one
by one that are connected in parallel to meet the total demand similarly when load
decreases we can turn off transformers one by one. In this way we can run the
system with maximum efficiency.
3)To maximize electrical power system availability:
If numbers of transformers run in parallel we can take shutdown any one of them for
maintenance purpose. Other parallel transformers in system will meet the total
demand of the system.
4)To maximize power system reliability:
If any one of the transformers run in parallel, is tripped due to fault other parallel
transformers is the system will share the load.
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 Three Phase Transformers
• Almost all major generation & Distribution Systems in the
world are three phase ac systems.
• Three phase transformers play an important role in these
systems
Three phase transformer can be constructed in two way:
• To take three single-phase transformers and connect them
in a three phase bank.
• To make a three phase transformer consisting of three sets
of windings wrapped on a common core.
• Advantages: Lighter, smaller, cheaper and slightly
more efficient
 Three Phase Transformers
• The two constructions
Three single transformer
banked composed of
independent transformers

Three phase transformer

wound on a single three
legged core
 Three Phase Transformers
• How the core of compact three phase is built
• φa+φb+φc=0 and central leg can be removed
Three Phase Transformer Voltages

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 Three Phase Transformers Analysis
• To analyze a 3-phase transformer, each single
transformer in the bank should be analyzed.
• Any single phase in bank behaves exactly like single
phase transformer just studied.
• Impedance, V.R., efficiency, & similar calculations
for three phase are done on per phase basis, using
the same technique already used in single phase
Transformer.
 Three phase Transformer components
Basic Parts of a Transformer
These are the basic components
of a transformer.
1- Laminated core
2- Windings
3- Insulating materials
4- Transformer oil
5- Tap changer
6- Oil Conservator
7- Breather
8- Cooling tubes
9- Buchholz Relay
10- Explosion vent

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Three phase Transformer components

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Cooling in three phase Transformer
• Transformers can be divided in two types as
(i) dry type transformers
(ii) oil immersed transformers.
Different cooling methods of transformers are -
• For dry type transformers
– Air Natural (AN)
– Air Blast
• For oil immersed transformers
– Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)
– Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)
– Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)
– Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF)
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 Cooling methods for Dry type Transformers

Air Natural or Self air cooled transformer

• This method of transformer cooling is generally used in
small transformers (up to 3 MVA). In this method the
transformer is allowed to cool by natural air flow
surrounding it.
Air Blast
• For transformers rated more than 3 MVA, cooling by
natural air method is inadequate. In this method, air is
forced on the core and windings with the help of fans or
blowers. The air supply must be filtered to prevent the
accumulation of dust particles in ventilation ducts. This
method can be used for transformers upto 15 MVA.
Assist. Prof. Aree Akram / Elect.Eng.dept.
 Cooling methods for Oil Immersed Transformers
1- Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)
• In this method, the heat generated in the core and winding is transferred to the
oil. According to the principle of convection, the heated oil flows in the upward
direction and then in the radiator. The vacant place is filled up by cooled oil from
the radiator. The heat from the oil will dissipate in the atmosphere due to the
natural air flow around the transformer. In this way, the oil in transformer keeps
circulating due to natural convection and dissipating heat in atmosphere due to
natural conduction. This method can be used for transformers up to about 30
MVA.

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2- Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)
• The heat dissipation can be improved further by applying forced air on
the dissipating surface. Forced air provides faster heat dissipation than
natural air flow. In this method, fans are mounted near the radiator
and may be provided with an automatic starting arrangement, which
turns on when temperature increases beyond certain value. This
transformer cooling method is generally used for large transformers
upto about 60 MVA.

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3- Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)
• In this method, oil is circulated with the help of a pump. The oil
circulation is forced through the heat exchangers. Then compressed
air is forced to flow on the heat exchanger with the help of fans. The
heat exchangers may be mounted separately from the transformer
tank and connected through pipes at top and bottom as shown in
the figure. This type of cooling is provided for higher rating
transformers at substations or power stations.

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4- Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF)
• This method is similar to OFAF method, but here forced water
flow is used to dissipate hear from the heat exchangers. The
oil is forced to flow through the heat exchanger with the help
of a pump, where the heat is dissipated in the water which is
also forced to flow. The heated water is taken away to cool in
separate coolers. This type of cooling is used in very large
transformers having rating of several hundreds MVA.

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 3 phase Transformer connections

By connecting three single phase transformers

1. Star- Star connection
2. Delta- Delta connection
3. Star – Delta connection
4. Delta – Star connection
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Delta – wye (Δ – Y) Delta – delta (Δ – Δ)

Wye – delta (Y- Δ) Wye – wye (Y – Y)

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 Star- Star connection

 This connection satisfactory only in balanced load

otherwise neutral point will be shifted.
 Star- Star connection

Advantages

1.Requires less turns per winding i.e. cheaper

Phase voltage is 1/√3 times of line voltage

2.Cross section of winding is large i.e. stronger to bear

stress during short circuit
Line current is equal to phase current

3. Less dielectric strength in insulating materials

phase voltage is less
 Star- Star connection
Disadvantages
1.If the load on the secondary side unbalanced then the
shifting of neutral point is possible

2.The third harmonic present in the alternator

voltage may appear on the secondary side. This
causes distortion in the secondary phase voltages.

3. Magnetizing current of transformer has 3rd

harmonic component
 Delta - Delta connection

 This connection is used for moderate voltages

 Delta - Delta connection

Advantages

1. System voltages are more stable in relation to

unbalanced load
2. If one phase is failed it may be used for low power
level i.e. V-V connection
3. No distortion of flux i.e. 3rd harmonic current not
flowing to the line wire
 Delta - Delta connection

Disadvantages
1. Compare to Y-Y require more insulation.

2. Absence of star point i.e. fault may severe

 Star- Delta connection

 Used to step down voltage i.e. end of transmission

line
 Star- Delta connection

Advantages
1. The primary side is star connected. Hence fewer
number of turns are required. This makes the
connection economical

2. The neutral available on the primary can be

earthed to avoid distortion.

3. Large unbalanced loads can be handled

satisfactory.
 Star- Delta connection
Disadvantages

The secondary voltage is not in phase with the

primary. (30 ⁰ phase difference )

Hence it is not possible to operate this connection in

parallel with star-star or delta-delta connected
transformer.
 Delta - Star connection

 This connection is used to step up voltage i.e.

Beginning of high tension line
 Delta - Star connection

Features
 secondary Phase voltage is 1/√3 times of line
voltage

 neutral in secondary can be grounded for 3 phase

4 wire system

 Neutral shifting and 3rd harmonics are there.

 Phase shift of 30⁰ between secondary and primary

currents and voltages
Example: A three phase transformer has 420 turns on the primary and
36 turns on the secondary winding. The supply voltage is 3300V . Find
The secondary line voltage on no-load when the windings are connected
1- star- star
2-delta–delta
3- star-delta
4- delta-star

Solution:
1- star-star
Primary phase voltage = Vph = 3300/√3 Volt
Secondary phase voltage V2=KV1=Vp1*N2/N1=3300/√3*36/420=163.3 Volt
Secondary line voltage =163.3 * √3= 282.853 Volt
2- delta-delta
Primary phase voltage V1= Vph = 3300
Secondary phase voltage V2 = kV1 ,
Secondary line voltage V2 = 3300 *36/420 = 489.9 Volt
H.W.
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