Lecture-2

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Professor Dr.
Dipankar Das
Department of ICE, RU
 History of AI
• 1923: Karel Čapek play named “Rossum's
Universal Robots” (RUR) opens in London, first
use of the word "robot" in English.
• 1943: Foundations for neural networks laid.
• 1945: Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University
alumni, coined the term Robotics.
• 1950: Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for
evaluation of intelligence
 History of AI
• 1956: John McCarthy coined the term Artificial
Intelligence. Demonstration of the first running AI
program at Carnegie Mellon University.
• 1958: John McCarthy invents LISP programming
language for AI.
• 1964: Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT showed
that computers can understand natural language well
enough to solve algebra word problems correctly.
• 1965: Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an
interactive problem that carries on a dialogue in
English.
 History of AI
• 1969: Scientists at Stanford Research Institute
Developed Shakey, a robot, equipped with
locomotion, perception, and problem solving.
• 1973: The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh
University built Freddy, the Famous Scottish Robot,
capable of using vision to locate and assemble
models.
• 1979: The first computer-controlled autonomous
vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built.
• 1985: Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the
drawing program, Aaron.
 History of AI
• 1990: Major advances in all areas of AI −
– Significant demonstrations in machine learning
– Case-based reasoning
– Multi-agent planning
– Scheduling
– Data mining, Web Crawler
– natural language understanding and translation
– Vision, Virtual Reality
– Games
• 1997: The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the world chess champion,
Garry Kasparov.
• 2000: Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT
displays Kismet, a robot with a face that expresses emotions. The
robot Nomad explores remote regions of Antarctica and locates
meteorites.
 History of AI
• 2002: iRobot's Roomba autonomously vacuums the floor while navigating and avoiding
obstacles.
• 2004:
– OWL Web Ontology Language
– DARPA introduces the DARPA Grand Challenge requiring competitors to produce autonomous
vehicles for prize money.
– NASA's robotic exploration rovers Spirit and Opportunity autonomously navigate the surface of
Mars.
• 2005:
– Honda's ASIMO robot, an artificially intelligent humanoid robot, is able to walk as fast as a human,
delivering trays to customers in restaurant settings.
– Recommendation technology based on tracking web activity or media usage brings AI to marketing.
– Blue Brain is born, a project to simulate the brain at molecular detail.
• 2006: The Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Conference:
– biological intelligence,
– DARPA launches the Urban Challenge for autonomous cars to obey traffic rules and operate in an
urban environment.
• 2008: Cynthia Mason at Stanford presents her idea on Artificial Compassionate Intelligence,
in her paper on "Giving Robots Compassion".
• 2009: Google builds autonomous car.
 History of AI
• 2010:
– Microsoft launched Kinect for Xbox 360, the first gaming
device to track human body movement, using just a 3D
camera and infra-red detection, enabling users to play their
Xbox 360 wirelessly.
– The award-winning machine learning for human motion
capture technology for this device was developed by
the Computer Vision group at Microsoft Research, Cambridge.
• 2011:
– Mary Lou Maher and Doug Fisher organize an Workshop on AI
and Sustainability.
– IBM's Watson computer defeated television game show
Jeopardy! champions Rutter and Jennings.
 History of AI
• 2011–2014
– Apple's Siri (2011), Google's Google Now (2012) and Microsoft's
Cortana (2014) are smartphone apps that use natural language to
answer questions, make recommendations and perform actions.
• 2013:
– Robot HRP-2 built by SCHAFT Inc of Japan, a subsidiary of Google,
defeats 15 teams to win DARPA’s Robotics Challenge Trials.
– HRP-2 scored 27 out of 32 points in 8 tasks needed in disaster
response. Tasks are drive a vehicle, walk over debris, climb a
ladder, remove debris, walk through doors, cut through a wall,
close valves and connect a hose.
– NEIL, the Never Ending Image Learner, is released at
Carnegie Mellon University to constantly compare and analyze
relationships between different images.
 History of AI
• 2015:
– An open letter to ban development and use of
autonomous weapons signed by Hawking, Musk,
Wozniak and 3,000 researchers in AI and robotics.
– Google DeepMind's AlphaGo (version: Fan) defeated
3 time European Go champion 2 dan professional
Fan Hui by 5 games to 0.
• 2016
– Google DeepMind's AlphaGo (version: Lee) defeated
Lee Sedol 4–1. Lee Sedol is a 9 dan professional
Korean Go champion who won 27 major
tournaments from 2002 to 2016.
 History of AI
• 2017:
– Discussion on AI ethics and how to bring about
beneficial AI while avoiding the
existential risk from artificial general intelligence.
– Some applications with AI have developed
• Such as: Chess, Poker, Google DeepMind's AlphaGo
 History of AI
• 2018:
– Alibaba language processing AI outscores top humans
at a Stanford University reading and comprehension
test
– Announcement of Google Duplex, a service to allow an
AI assistant to book appointments over the phone.
– The LA Times judges the AI's voice to be a "nearly
flawless" imitation of human-sounding speech.
• 2019
– DeepMind's AlphaStar reaches Grandmaster level at
StarCraft II, outperforming 99.8 percent of human
players.
 History of AI
• 2020
– DeepSpeed is Microsoft's deep learning optimization
library for PyTorch that runs T-NLG (Turing Natural
Language Generation). It was the largest language model
– OpenAI's GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3), a
state-of-the-art autoregressive language model that uses
deep learning to produce a variety of computer codes,
poetry and other language tasks exceptionally similar,
and almost indistinguishable from those written by
humans.
• Its capacity was ten times greater than that of the T-NLG. It was
introduced in May 2020, and was in beta testing in June 2020.
 Acknoledges
• I want to Acknowledge the Wikipedia for
Todays Lecture:
• Link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artifici
al_intelligence