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Lecture 8 paragraph writing (1)

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24 views18 pages

Lecture 8 paragraph writing (1)

na

Uploaded by

Malik Rashid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Paragraph writing

LECTURE
FAIZA JAN IFTIKHAR
The need to write?

 Written
communication is best suited when the
communicator and the receiver are beyond oral
communication medium.
 Theprocess of communication involves sending
message by written words.
 Formal communication, must always be in writing
such as rules, orders, manuals, policy matter etc.
PURPOSE OF WRITING

 Future references
 Avoiding mistakes
 Legal requirements
 Wide access
 Effective decision-making
Limitations

 Time consuming
 Expensive not in terms of postage but of
the time of so many people
 Quick clarification not possible
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITING

 Unity: Unity of writing implies a condition of being one. The


principle of unity applies on three levels. First, the individual
sentences must be unified. Second, the individual paragraph must
be unified. Third, the totality of the message must be unified.
 Coherence: To achieve clarity in a written communication the
principle of coherence should be there. Relation and clarity are
two important aspects of coherence. The principle of coherence
applies to sentences, paragraphs and to the message as a whole.
 Avoid jargon: As far as possible, the writer should avoid jargon.
Jargon is a language which is special to science, commerce,
technology, trade or profession.
 Accuracy: The subject matter must be correct
and accurate.
 Brevity:A writing should be shorter by using
few words for many. Brevity not only saves the
time but also gives grace to the writing. Business
communication must be brief and direct.
7 Cs of communication
WRITING TECHNIQUES
 Adaptation and Selection of Words
Use familiar words:
Endeavour – Try
Ascertain – Find out
Terminate – End
Demonstrate – Show
Utilise – Use
Choose the short over the long word.
Use technical words with caution.
 Words have personalities, in same way words
are like people. Some words are strong and
vigorous. Some are weak and dull and some
fall between these extremes.
Writing Effective Sentences

 It means using clear sentences.


 Thesentence can be a statement, a question, a
command or in the form of an exclamation.
 Efficient
authors manipulate and experiment with
the combinations and number of short and long
sentences for various purpose in mind as per the
requirement of the text.
Developing Logical Paragraph
 Characteristics of a Good Paragraph:
1. Unity: Like sentences, paragraph should have unity. The contents of
the paragraph should concern one topic or idea. When the paragraph
ends it should give a sense of completion.
2. Coherence: There is flow from one sentence to another in a good
paragraph. Each sentence should be logically connected with the
preceding and the following sentence. There should be a movement of
thoughts from sentence to sentence.
3. Length: Length of the paragraph should neither be too short nor too
long. How long a paragraph should be depends on its content. Short
paragraph helps the reader to follow the papers organizational plan. In
addition, short paragraphs are more inviting to the eyes. People simply
prefer to read materials that give them frequent break.
 The topic sentence: The most efficient way of organizing a
paragraph is to use topic sentences, as the topic sentence expresses
the main idea of a paragraph. And the remaining sentences build
around and support it. In sense, the topic sentences serve as a
headline for the paragraph and all the other sentences supply the
story. But not every paragraph must have topic sentences. The topic
sentences can come first, can come last or in the middle depends
upon the writer’s plan.
 5. Omitting unnecessary detail: Include in paragraph only the
information needed. What you need, of course, is a matter of
judgment. You can best judge by putting yourself in your reader’s
mindset.
Sentence writing

Topic sentence
Restatement
Illustration

TRI
Writing effecting paragraphs
We will never conquer space
Arthur C. Clarke

To our ancestors, the vastness of the earth was a


dominant fact controlling their thoughts and lives.
In all earlier ages than ours, the world was wide
indeed, and no man could ever see more than a
tiny fraction of its immensity. A few hundred miles,
a thousand, at the most-was infinity. Only a lifetime
ago, parents waved farewell to their emigrating
children in the virtual certainty that they world
never meet again.
Shooting an Elephant, George
Orwell

I had halted on the road. As soon as I saw the elephant I knew with
perfect certainty that I ought not to shoot him. It is a serious matter to
shoot a working elephant-it is comparable to destroying a huge and
costly piece of machinery-and obviously one ought not to do it if it can
possibly be avoided. And at that distance, peacefully eating, the elephant
looked no more dangerous than a cow. I thought then and I think now
that his attack of “must” was already passing off; in which case he would
merely wander harmlessly about until the mahout came back and caught
him. Moreover, I did not in the least want to shoot him. I decided that I
would watch him for a little while to make sure he did not turn savage
again, and then go home.
EXAMPLES OF A TOPIC
SENTENCE

 Topic Sentence: There are many reasons why pollution in ABC Town is
the worst in the world.
The topic is "pollution in ABC Town is the worst in the world" and the
controlling idea is "many reasons."
 Topic Sentence: To be an effective CEO requires certain characteristics.
The topic is "To be an effective CEO" and the controlling idea is "certain
characteristics."
 Topic Sentence: There are many possible contributing factors to global
warming.
The topic is "global warming" and the controlling idea is "contributing
factors."
 Topic Sentence: Fortune hunters encounter many difficulties when exploring a
shipwreck.
The topic is "exploring a shipwreck" and the controlling idea is "many difficulties."
 Topic Sentence: Dogs make wonderful pets because they help you to live
longer.
The topic is "dogs make wonderful pets" and the controlling idea is "because they
help you to live longer."
 Topic Sentence: Crime in poverty-stricken areas occurs because of a systemic
discrimination.
The topic is "crime in poverty stricken areas" and the controlling idea is "systemic
discrimination."
Topics for paragraph writing

 Write a paragraph about your bedroom at home. Be


descriptive, and use adjectives to describe how the space
looks and how you feel when you are in your bedroom.
 Write a paragraph about an item that you feel your
school needs. Form an argument and support your cause
with facts and data.
 Write a paragraph about the career you are considering.
Explain why you are choosing that career path, and how
you plan to accomplish your goals.
THE END

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