Java Programming

Sixth Edition
Chapter 8: Arrays
 Objectives
• Declare and initialize an array
• Use subscripts with an array
• Declare and use arrays of objects
• Search an array
• Pass arrays to and return arrays from methods

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 Declaring and Initializing an Array
• Array
– Named list of data items
– All have same type
• Declare array variable
– Same way as declaring any simple variable
– Insert pair of square brackets after type

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 Declaring and Initializing an Array
(cont'd.)
• double[] salesFigure;
• int[] idNum;
• Still need to reserve memory space
– sale = new double[20];
– double[] sale = new double[20];
• Subscript
– Integer contained within square brackets
– Indicates one of array’s variables or elements

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 Declaring and Initializing an Array
(cont'd.)
• Array’s elements numbered beginning with zero
– Can legally use any subscript from 0 through 19
– When working with array that has 20 elements
• Work with any individual array element
– Treat no differently than single variable of same type
– Example: sale[0] = 2100.00;

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 Declaring and Initializing an Array
(cont'd.)

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 Initializing an Array
• Variable with reference type
– Such as array
– Holds memory address where value stored
• Array names
– Represent computer memory addresses
– Contain references
• Declare array name
– No computer memory address assigned
– Has special value null
• Unicode value ‘\u0000’
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 Initializing an Array (cont'd.)
• Use keyword new to define array
– Array name acquires actual memory address value
• int[] someNums = new int[10];
– Each element of someNums has value of 0
• char array elements
– Assigned ‘\u0000’
• boolean array elements
– Automatically assigned value false

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 Initializing an Array (cont'd.)
• Assign nondefault values to array elements upon
creation
int[] tenMult = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50,
60};
• Populating the array
– Providing values for all the elements in an array

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 Using Subscripts with an Array
• Scalar
– Primitive variable
• Power of arrays
– Use subscripts that are variables
– Rather than constant subscripts
– Use a loop to perform array operations
for (sub = 0; sub < 5; ++sub)
scoreArray[sub] += 3;

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 Using Subscripts with an Array
(cont'd.)
• Application contains array
– Use every element of array in some task
– Perform loops that vary loop control variable
• Start at 0
• End at one less than size of array
• Convenient to declare symbolic constant equal to
size of array
final int NUMBER_OF_SCORES = 5;

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 Using Subscripts with an Array
(cont'd.)
• Field
– Instance variable
– Automatically assigned value for every array created
• length field
– Contains number of elements in array
for(sub = 0; sub < scoreArray.length;
++sub)
scoreArray[sub] += 3;

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 Using Subscripts with an Array
(cont'd.)
• Enhanced for loop
– Cycle through array
– Without specifying starting and ending points for loop
control variable
for(int val : scoreArray)
System.out.println(val);

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 Declaring and Using Arrays of Objects
• Create array of Employee objects
Employee[] emp = new Employee[7];
– Must call seven individual constructors
final double PAYRATE = 6.35;
for(int x = 0; x < NUM_EMPLOYEES; ++x)
emp[x] = new Employee(101 + x, PAYRATE);

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 Using the Enhanced for Loop
• Use the enhanced for loop to cycle through an
array of objects
– Eliminates the need to use a limiting value
– Eliminates the need for a subscript following each
element
for(Employee worker : emp)
System.out.println(worker.getEmpNum() +
" " + worker.getSalary();

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 Manipulating Arrays of Strings
• Create array of Strings
String[] deptName = {"Accounting",
"Human Resources", "Sales"};
for(int a = 0; a < deptName.length; +
+a)
System.out.println(deptName[a]);

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 Manipulating Arrays of Strings
(cont'd.)

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 Searching an Array
• Determine whether variable holds one of many
valid values
– Use series of if statements
– Compare variable to series of valid values

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 Searching an Array (cont'd.)
• Searching an array
– Compare variable to list of values in array
for(int x = 0; x < validValues.length;
++x)
{
if(itemOrdered == validValues[x])
validItem = true;
}

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 Searching an Array (cont'd.)
• Parallel array
– One with same number of elements as another
– Values in corresponding elements related
• Alternative for searching
– Use while loop

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 Searching an Array (cont'd.)

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 Searching an Array For
a Range Match
• Searching array for exact match
– Not always practical
• Range match
– Compare value to endpoints of numerical ranges
– Find category in which value belongs

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 Passing Arrays to and Returning
Arrays from Methods
• Pass single array element to method
– Same as passing variable
• Passed by value
– Copy of value made and used in receiving method
– All primitive types passed this way

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 Passing Arrays to Methods (cont'd.)
• Reference types
– Object holds memory address where values stored
– Receiving method gets copy of array’s actual
memory address
– Receiving method has ability to alter original values
in array elements

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 Returning an Array from a Method
• Method can return an array reference
• Include square brackets with the return type
– In the method header

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 You Do It
• Creating and populating an array
• Initializing an array
• Using a for loop to access array elements
• Creating parallel arrays to eliminate nested if
statements
• Creating an application with an array of objects

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 You Do It (cont'd.)
• Creating an interactive application that creates an
array of objects
• Passing an array to a method

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 Don’t Do It
• Don’t forget that the lowest array subscript is 0
• Don’t forget that the highest array subscript is one
less than the length
• Don’t forget that length is an array property and not
a method
• Don’t place a subscript after an object’s field or
method name when accessing an array of objects
• Don’t assume that an array of characters is a string

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 Don’t Do It (cont'd.)
• Don’t forget that array names are references
• Don’t use brackets with an array name when you
pass it to a method

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 Summary
• Array
– Named list of data items
– All have same type
• Array names
– Represent computer memory addresses
• Shorten many array-based tasks
– Use variable as subscript
• length field
– Contains number of elements in array

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 Summary (cont'd.)
• You can declare arrays that hold elements of any
type, including Strings and other objects
• Search array to find match to value
• Perform range match
• Pass single array element to method

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