Matrices

Definition:
A matrix is a set or group of numbers arranged in a square or rectangular array
enclosed by two brackets

 4 2  a b
1  1   3 0 c d
   
 Matrices
Properties:
•A specified number of rows and a specified number of
columns
•Two numbers (rows x columns) describe the dimensions
or size of the matrix.
Examples:
 1 2 4
3x3 matrix  4  1 5  1 1
  
3  3
1  1
3 2 
2x4 matrix
 3 3 3  0 0
1x2 matrix
 Types of Matrices
1. Column matrix or vector:
The number of rows may be any integer but the number of
columns is always 1

 1  a11 
 4  1  a21 
    3  
 2    
 am1 
 Types of Matrices
2. Row matrix or vector
Any number of columns but only one row

1 1 6 0 3 5 2

a11 a12 a13  a1n 

 Types of Matrices
3. Rectangular matrix
Contains more than one element and number of rows is not
equal to the number of columns

1 1 
3 7   1 1 1 0 0
   2 0 3 3 0
 7  7  
 
7 6 
m n
 Types of Matrices
4. Square matrix
The number of rows is equal to the number of columns
(a square matrix has an order of m)

 1 1  1 1 1
 9 9 0
 3 0  
   6 6 1
The principal or main diagonal of a square matrix is composed of all
elements aij for which i=j
 Types of Matrices
5. Diagonal matrix
A square matrix where all the elements are zero except those on
the main diagonal
3 0 0 0
 1 0 0 0 
3 0 0
 0 2 0 
  0 0 5 0
 0 0 1  
0 0 0 9
i.e. aij =0 for all i j
aij 0 for some or all i = j
 Types of Matrices
6. Unit or Identity matrix - I
A diagonal matrix with ones on the main diagonal

1 0 0 0
0 
 1 0 0  1 0  aij 0
0 0 1 0  0 1 0 
   aij 
 
0 0 0 1
i.e. aij =0 for all i j
aij = 1 for some or all i = j
 Types of Matrices
7. Null (zero) matrix - 0
All elements in the matrix are zero

 0  0 0 0
 0  0 0 0
 
 0  
 0 0 0

aij 0 For all i,j

 Types of Matrices
8. Triangular matrix
A square matrix whose elements above or below the main
diagonal are all zero

 1 0 0  1 0 0  1 8 9
 2 1 0  2 1 0  0 1 6
     
 5 2 3  5 2 3  0 0 3
 Types of Matrices
8a. Upper triangular matrix
A square matrix whose elements below the main diagonal are all zero

1 7 4 4
 aij aij aij   1 8 7 0
   0 1 8  1 7 4
0 aij aij 
  0
0 0 7 8
 0 aij   0 0 3  
0 0 0 3
i.e. aij = 0 for all i > j
 Types of Matrices
8b. Lower triangular matrix
A square matrix whose elements above the main diagonal are all
zero

 aij 0 0  1 0 0
   2 1 0
 aij aij 0
 
 aij aij aij   5 2 3

i.e. aij = 0 for all i < j
 Types of Matrices
9. Scalar matrix
A diagonal matrix whose main diagonal elements are equal to the
same scalar
A scalar is defined as a single number or constant

 aij 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0
  0  0 
 0 aij 0
 1 0
 6 0 0
 0 0 aij   0 0 1
 0 0 6 0
 
i.e. aij = 0 for all i = j 0 0 0 6
aij = a for all i = j
 Types of Matrices
10. Singular matrix
Matrix A is said to be a singular matrix if it’s determinant is equal to
zero i.e., |A| = 0

If

The determinant is
So, the matrix A is singular.
 Types of Matrices
10. Non-Singular matrix
Matrix A is said to be a non-singular matrix if its determinant is not
equal to zero i.e., |A| 0

If  1 1
 3 0
 
The determinant is
So, the matrix A is singular.
 Types of Matrices
11. Symmetric matrix
A square matrix A = [aij] is called a symmetric matrix if aij = aji, for all i,j values;

If

A is symmetric, because a12 = 2 = a21, a31 = 3 = a13 etc.

Note: A is symmetric if AT = A (where AT is the transpose of the matrix)

 Types of Matrices
12. Skew-Symmetric matrix

A square matrix A = [aij] is a skew-symmetric matrix if aij = aji, for all values
of i,j.
[putting j = i] aii = 0
Thus, in a skew-symmetric matrix, all diagonal elements are zero

If

A is symmetric, because a12 = 2 , a21 = , a31 = 3 , a13 =etc.

Note: A square matrix A is a skew-symmetric matrix AT = -A .
 Types of Matrices
13. Hermitian matrix

A square matrix A = [aij] is called Hermitian if 𝐴

∗

Note:
 If A is Hermitian, the entries on the main diagonal must satisfy , that is they are
real.
 If a Hermitian matrix is real, then =A . Hence a real Hermitian matrix is a
symmetric matrix.
 Types of Matrices
Example:

Then the conjugate of

The Transpose of conjugate is,

∗
𝐴 =
[ 3
1+ 𝑖 −2 ]
1 −𝑖
=𝐴

Therefore,

So, the matrix A is Hermitian

 Types of Matrices
14. Skew-Hermitian matrix

A square matrix A = [aij] is called Skew-Hermitian if 𝐴

∗

Note:
 If A is Skew-Hermitian, the entries on the main diagonal must satisfy , that is they
are real.
 If a Skew-Hermitian matrix is real, then = . Hence a real Skew-Hermitian matrix
is a skew-symmetric matrix.
 Types of Matrices
Example:

Then the conjugate of

The Transpose of conjugate is, 𝐴 =

∗
[ −3𝑖
1− 𝑖 𝑖 ]
− 1− 𝑖
=− 𝐴

Therefore,

So, the matrix A is Skew-Hermitian

 Types of Matrices
15. Idempotent matrix
An idempotent matrix is a square matrix that, when multiplied by itself, results in the
original matrix. In other words, A² = A.
Example: Find the matrix is an idempotent matrix
Here, then
 Types of Matrices
16. Orthogonal matrix

A square matrix A = [aij] is called orthogonal if

Note:
•All the orthogonal matrices are invertible. The determinant of an orthogonal matrix is
always equal to the -1 or +1.
•All orthogonal matrices are square matrices but not all square matrices are orthogonal.
 Types of Matrices
Example:

Then the transpose of A is

Then
𝑇
𝐴𝐴 =
[ 𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑧
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧] [
×
𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝑧
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 ][
=
1
0
0
1]=𝐼

Therefore,

So, the matrix A is orthogonal

 Types of Matrices
17. Unitary matrix

A square matrix A = [aij] is called unitary if where

Note: The unitary matrix is also an orthogonal matrix in linear algebra.

Example: Show that the matrix is unitary

 Types of Matrices
Then the conjugate of

[ ]
1 𝑖
−
The Transpose of conjugate is,
∗
𝐴 = √ 2 √2
1 𝑖
√2 √2
=
Now

Hence A is unitary matrix.

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