PRESENTATION ON MATTER

IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
Name-Bhavika Singh
Class-9th
Sec-B
Roll no-05
NOTES[MATTER]
Anything that has mass and takes up space is referred
to as matter. hydrogen and oxygen, sugar and sand, air
and water, etc. Small, minuscule particles make up
matter. Due to the space between them, matter
particles are attracted to one another.
States of Matter
Matter can be classified as solid, liquid or gas on the
basis of interparticle forces and the arrangement of
particles.
These three forms of matter are interconvertible by
increasing or decreasing pressure and temperature.
For example, ice can be converted from solid to a
liquid by increasing the temperature.
Property Solid Liquid Gas

Fixed shape and No fixed shape but Neither definite

Shape and volume
volume has volume shape nor volume

Energy Lowest Medium Highest

Compressibility Difficult Nearly difficult Easy

Arrangement of Regular and Random and little Random and more

molecules closely arranged sparsely arranged sparsely arranged

Flows from higher Flows in all

Fluidity Cannot flow
to lower level directions

Depends on
Free, constant and
Movement Negligible interparticle
random
attraction

Interparticle space Very less More Large

Interparticle
Maximum Medium Minimum
attraction
Density Maximum Medium Minimum
It depends on
Rate of diffusion Negligible interparticle Maximum
attraction.
ATOMIC VIEW OF THE THREE STATES OF MATTER

Liquid
Solid

Gas
PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER

A physical property is an aspect of matter

that can be observed or measured without
changing its nature or composition.
It is independent of the amount of matter
present.
Physical properties include appearance,
colour, odour, density, texture, melting point,
boiling point, solubility, etc.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES OF
MATTER
 Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
 Everything that we can touch, see, hear, taste and also smell is matter.
 It is made up of really tiny particles which cannot be seen through the eye.
 The particles of which the matter is comprised influence its state and
properties (physical and chemical).

1. Particles of matter have spaces between them

 This characteristic is one of the concepts behind the solubility of a
substance in other substances. For example, on dissolving sugar in water,
there is no rise in the water level because the particles of sugar get into
the interparticle spaces between the water particles.
2. Particles of matter are always in motion
 Particles of matter show continuous random movements due to the kinetic
energy they possess.
 A rise in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles, making
them move more vigorously.
3. Particles of matter attract each other
 In every substance, there is an interparticle force of attraction acting
between the particles. To break a substance, we need to overcome this
force. The strength of the force differs from one substance to another.
DIFFUSION

When the particles of matter intermix on

their own with each other, the phenomenon is
called diffusion. For example, spreading of
ink in water.
During diffusion, the particles occupy the
interparticle spaces.
The rate of diffusion increases with an
increase in temperature due to increase in
the kinetic energy of the particles.
 EFFECT OF CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE
STATE OF MATTER
On increasing the temperature, the kinetic energy of the
particles of the matter increases, and they begin to vibrate with
higher energy. Therefore, the interparticle force of attraction
between the particles reduces, and particles get detached from
their position and begin to move freely.
 As a result, the state of matter begins to change.
 Solids undergo a phase change to form liquids.
 Similarly, liquids also undergo a phase change to form gases.
 Melting Point
 The melting point of a solid is defined as the temperature at
which solid melts to become liquid at the atmospheric pressure.
 At the melting point, these two phases, i.e., solid and liquid, are
in equilibrium, i.e., at this point, both solid state and liquid state
exist simultaneously.
FUSION AND BOILING POINT
 When two atoms collide to create a heavier atom, such as when
two hydrogen atoms combine to create one helium atom, this
process is known as fusion. This process generates enormous
amounts of energy, many times more than fission, and powers the
sun. Furthermore, it doesn’t generate radioactive fission products.
 The melting point at which ice, a solid, turns to water, a liquid, is
32°F (0°C).
 The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at
which the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the
atmospheric pressure.
 The boiling point for any material is the temperature point at
which the material transforms into the gas phase in the liquid
phase. This happens at 100 degrees centigrade for water. The
Celsius scale was in fact created on the basis of the ice/water
melting point and the liquid water/vapor boiling point.
LATENT HEAT OF FUSION AND
VAPOURISATION
Latent Heat of Fusion
It is the amount of heat energy that is
required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid
at atmospheric pressure at its melting point.
Latent Heat of Vapourisation
It is the amount of heat energy that is
required to change 1 kg of a liquid into gas at
atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.
SUBLIMATION
The transition of a
substance directly
from its solid phase
to gaseous phase
without changing
into the liquid
phase (or vice
versa) is
called sublimation.
 EFFECT OF CHANGE IN PRESSURE ON THE STATE OF MATTER
By applying pressure, the interparticle
spaces between particles of matter
decrease. Thus, by applying pressure and
reducing temperature, we can convert a
solid to liquid and a liquid to gas.
 EVAPORATION
 The phenomenon by which molecules in liquid state undergo a
spontaneous transition to the gaseous phase at any
temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.
 For example, the gradual drying of damp clothes is caused by
the evaporation of water to water vapour.
 Factors Affecting Evaporation
 Temperature: The rate of evaporation increases with an
increase in temperature.
 Surface area: The rate of evaporation increases with an
increase in surface area.
 Humidity: The rate of evaporation decreases with an
increase in humidity.
 Wind speed: The rate of evaporation increases with an
increase in wind speed.
IMPORTANT QUESTION’S
1. What is the ‘latent heat of fusion’?
 The latent heat of fusion is the enthalpy change of any amount
of substance when it melts.

2.What does ‘sublimation critical point’ mean?

 The sublimation critical point refers to the maximum or
minimum temperature and pressure beyond which the state of
the matter cannot be changed.

3.What does ‘interconversion of matter’ mean?

 Interconversion of matter refers to the change from one state
to another. It is a process by which matter changes from one
state to another and back to its original state without any
change in its chemical composition.
4. Fill in the blanks:
 (a) Evaporation of a liquid at room temperature leads to a _____ effect.
 (b) At room temperature, the forces of attraction between the particles
of solid substances are _____ than those which exist in the gaseous state.
 (c) The arrangement of particles is less ordered in the _____ state.
However, there is no order in the _____ state.
 (d) _____ is the change of gaseous state directly to solid state without
going through the state.
 (e) The phenomenon of the change of a liquid into the gaseous state at
any temperature below its boiling point is called _____.
 Answer:
 (a) Evaporation of a liquid at room temperature leads to a cooling effect.
 (b) At room temperature, the forces of attraction between the particles
of solid substances are stronger than those which exist in the gaseous
state.
 (c) The arrangement of particles is less ordered in the liquid state.
However, there is no order in the gaseous state.
 (d) Sublimation is the change of a gaseous state directly to a solid state
without going through the liquid state.
 (e) The phenomenon of changes of a liquid into the gaseous state at any
temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.
5. Water as ice has a cooling effect, whereas water
as steam may cause severe burns. Explain these
observations.
 Water turns into ice when the temperature
decreases to 0°C. Water turns into steam at
100°C when heat is supplied to the water. Water
as steam has more latent heat, while water as
liquid does not.Hence, water as steam may cause
severe burns, while water as ice has a cooling
effect.
6. Why does the temperature of a substance
remain constant during its melting point or
boiling point?
 The temperature of a substance remains constant
during its melting and boiling point because the
change in any state of matter, as solid to liquid or
 NCERT QUE’S ,Exercise-1.1-1.2 Page: 3
1. Which of the following are matter?
 Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, lemon water, the smell of perfume.
 The following substances are matter:
 Chair
 Air
 Almonds
 Lemon water
 The smell of perfume (Smell is considered as a matter due to the presence of some volatile
substances in air that occupy space & have mass.)
2. Give reasons for the following observation:
 The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to get the smell
from cold food, you have to go close.
 Particles in the air, if fueled with higher temperatures, acquire high kinetic energy, which aids
them to move fast over a stretch. Hence, the smell of hot sizzling food reaches a person even at a
distance of several meters.

3. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter does
this observation show?
 The diver is able to easily cut through the water in the swimming pool because of the weak forces
of attraction between water molecules. It is this property of water that attributes to easy diving.

4. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?

 The characteristics of particles of matter are as follows:
 (a) Presence of intermolecular spaces between particles
 (b) Particles are in constant motion
 (c) They attract each other
Exercise-1.3 Page: 6
1. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density.
(density=mass/volume). Arrange the following in the order of
increasing density – air, exhaust from the chimneys, honey, water,
chalk, cotton and iron.
 The following substances are arranged in increasing density:
 Air
 Exhaust from chimney
 Cotton
 Water
 Honey
 Chalk
 Iron
2. Answer the following.
 a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of matter.
 b) Comment upon the following: rigidity, compressibility, fluidity,
filling a gas container, shape, kinetic energy and density.
 (a) The difference in the characteristics of the three states of matter.
a) Characteristic Solid Liquid Gas
s

Shape Fixed shape No Fixed shape No Fixed shape

Volume Fixed volume Fixed volume No Fixed

volume

Intermolecular Maximum Less than solids Very less

force

Intermolecular Very less More than maximum

space solids

Rigidity/Fluidity Rigid/cannot Can flow/not Can flow/not

flow rigid rigid

Compressibility negligible compressible Highly

compressible
(b) (i) Rigidity: It is the property of matter to continue to remain in
its shape when treated with an external force.
(ii) Compressibility: It is the attribute of the particles to
contract their intermolecular space when exposed to an external
force, thereby escalating its density.
(iii) Fluidity: It is the ability of a substance to flow or move
about freely.
(iv) Filling the gas container: The particles in a container take
their shape as they randomly vibrate in all possible directions.
(v) Shape: It is the definite structure of an object within an
external boundary
(vi) Kinetic energy: Motion allows particles to possess energy
which is referred to as kinetic energy. The increasing order of
kinetic energy possessed by various states of matter are: Solids <
Liquids < Gases
Mathematically, it can be expressed as K.E = 1/2 mv2, where ‘m’
is the mass and ‘v’ is the velocity of the particle.
(vii) Density: It is the mass of a unit volume of a substance. It is
expressed as: d = M/V, where ‘d’ is the density, ‘M’ is the mass
and ‘V’ is the volume of the substance
3. Give reasons
 a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
 b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
 c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
 d) We can easily move our hand in the air, but to do the same
through a solid block of wood, we need a karate expert.
 (a) There is a low force of attraction between gas particles. The
particles in the filled vessel are free to move about.
 (b) Gaseous particles have the weakest attraction force. They are
always moving in a haphazard manner. When a gas particle collides
with the container’s walls, it exerts force and, thus pressure on the
wall.
 (c) There is a distinct contour and volume to the hardwood table.
The wood particles are tightly packed. They do not conform to the
container’s shape. As a result, the solid features of a hardwood
table are satisfied.
 (d) The boundaries between air particles are quite loose. They are a
long way apart and have a lot of space between them. As a result,
we may move our hands freely in the air. The particles in a solid
block, on the other hand, are bound together by a strong force of
attraction. As a result, there is either some or no space between
them. As a result, we will require a karate expert.
4. Liquids generally have a lower density than
solids. But you must have observed that ice
floats on water. Find out why.
In general, the volume of a liquid is more than
the volume of a solid because liquid particles are
freer to move, resulting in more volume. Ice, on
the other hand, has a maximum density of water
at 4 degrees Celsius. Ice is lighter than water and
has a lower density. As a result, it floats on water.
Exercise – 1.4 Page: 9
1. Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale:
 a. 300K b. 573K
 a. 0°C=273K
 300K= (300-273)°C = 27°C
 b. 573K= (573-273)°C = 300°C
2. What is the physical state of water at:
 a. 250°C b. 100°C ?
 (a) At 250°C – Gaseous state since it is beyond its boiling point.
 (b) At 100°C – It is at the transition state as the water is at its boiling
point. Hence it would be present in both liquid and gaseous states.
3. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant
during the change of state?
 It is due to the latent heat as the heat supplied to increase the
temperature of the substance is used up to transform the state of
matter of the substance; hence, the temperature stays constant.
4. Suggest a method to liquify atmospheric gases.
 It can be achieved by either increasing the pressure or decreasing the
temperature, which ultimately leads to the reduction of spaces
Exercise – 1.5 Page:10
1. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
 It is because the temperature is high and less humid on a hot dry day, enabling
better evaporation. High levels of this evaporation provide better cooling effects.
2. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during
summer?
 An earthen pot is porous in nature. These tiny pores facilitate the penetration of
water and hence their evaporation from the pot surface. The process of
evaporation requires energy which is contributed by water in the pot as a result
of which water turns cooler.
3.Why does our palm feel cold when we put on some acetone or petrol, or
perfume on it?
 Acetone, petrol, and perfume are volatile substances that evaporate when they
come in contact with air. Evaporation is facilitated as it uses energy from the
palm, hence leaving a cooling effect on our palms.
4. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a
cup?
 A saucer has a larger surface area than a cup, promoting quicker evaporation.
Hence, the tea or milk in a saucer cools down faster.
5. What type of clothes should we wear in summer?
 In summer, it is preferred to wear light-coloured cotton clothes because light
colour reflects heat and cotton materials have pores that absorb sweat,
Chapter Exercise – Page: 12
1. Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale.
 (a) 293K (b) 470K
 0°C=273K
 (a) 293K= (293 – 273)°C = 20°C
 (b) 470K= (470 – 273)°C = 197°C
2.Convert the following temperatures to the Kelvin scale.
 (a) 25°C (b) 373°C
 0°C = 273K
 (a) 25°C = (25+273)K = 298K
 (b) 373°C = (373+273)K = 646K
3. Give reason for the following observations:
 (a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
 (b) We can get the smell of perfume while sitting several meters away.
 (a) At room temperature, naphthalene balls undergo sublimation wherein
they directly get converted from a solid to a gaseous state without having to
undergo the intermediate state, i.e., the liquid state.
 (b) Molecules of air move at a higher speed and have large intermolecular
spaces. Perfumes comprise substances that are volatile, which scatter
quickly in air, becoming less concentrated over a distance. Hence, we are
able to smell perfume sitting several metres away.
4. Arrange the following in increasing order of forces of attraction between the
particles – water, sugar, oxygen.
 Oxygen (gas) < water (liquid) < sugar (solid)
5. What is the physical state of water at –
 (a) 25°C (b) 0°C (c) 100°C?
 (a) At 25°C, the water will be in liquid form (normal room temperature)
 (b) At 0°C, the water is at its freezing point, hence both solid and liquid phases are
observed.
 (c) At 100°C, the water is at its boiling point, hence both liquid and gaseous states of
water (water vapour) are observed.
6. Give two reasons to justify –
 (a) Water at room temperature is a liquid.
 (b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
 (a) Water persists as a liquid at room temperature since its melting point is lower than
room temperature and its boiling point (100o C) is higher.
 Similarly,
 (i). A fixed volume is occupied by a fixed mass of water.
 (ii). At room temperature, water does not have a fixed shape and flows to fit the
container’s shape.
 As a result, water is a liquid at room temperature.
 (b) Because its melting and boiling points are above room temperature, an iron
almirah is a solid at room temperature. In the same way,
 (i) An iron almirah is rigid and has a predetermined shape.
 (ii) Metals have a relatively high density.
 As a result, at room temperature, iron almirah is a solid.
7. Why is ice at 273K more effective in cooling than water at the same
temperature?
 At 273 K, ice will absorb heat energy or latent heat from the medium to
overcome fusion and transform into water. As a result, ice has a greater
cooling impact than water at the same temperature since water does not
absorb the excess heat from the medium.
8. What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam?
 Steam produces severe burns. It is because it is an exothermic reaction
that releases a high amount of heat which it had consumed during
vaporization.
9. Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram showing a
change in its state.
 Interconversion of three states of matter: Using temperature or pressure,
any state of matter can be turned into another.
 (A) Solid to Liquid → Melting (or) fusion (or) liquefaction
 (B) Liquid to Gas → Evaporation (or) vaporization
 (C) Gas to liquid → Condensation
 (D) Liquid to Solid → Solidification
 (E) Solid to Gas → Sublimation
 (F) Gas to Solid → solidification
ASSERTION REASON
 Directions: In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is
given, and a corresponding statement of Reason is given just below it. Of
the statements, given below, mark the correct answer as:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
1.)
(d) ASSERTION-Sugar
Assertion and
is false, but reason Salt
is true.
both are easily dissolved in water.
REASON – Sugar and Salt are
solid hence it is easily dissolved
in water.
ANS-Assertion is true but Reason is false.
2.) ASSERTION-When sugar pour
in water, then taste of water
became a sweet.
Reason-sugar completely
dissolved in water with giving its
own
 character.
ANS-Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and reason is the
correct explanation for assertion.
 3.) ASSERTION-ice is float on water.
 REASON-ice is solid in nature
 ANS-Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is not the correct
explanation for Assertion.

4.) ASSERTION-ice is float on water.

 REASON- Density of ice is lesser than water.
 ANS-Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason the correct explanation
for Assertion.

5.) ASSERTION-SI unit of mass is kg.

 REASON- meaning of kg is kilogram.
 ANS-Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is not the correct
explanation for Assertion.

6.) ASSERTION-2L means 2000 mL

 REASON-1L means 1000 mL hence 2L means 2000 mL which is standard
relation.
 ANS- Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and reason is the correct
explanation for assertion.

7.) ASSERTION- 1 dm3means 0.1 L

 REASON-0.1 L means 1000 mL is the standard relation.
 ANS-Assertion is true but Reason is false.
 8.) ASSERION-Dilution of any colored compound in water
shows light color than original color of compound.) ( hint-
potassium permanganate dissolve in water)
 REASON-when dilution is done by water the quantity of
particle getting decreases by dilution hence it shows light
color
 ANS- Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and reason is the
correct explanation for assertion.

9.) ASSERION-Dilution of any colored compound in water

shows light color than original color of compound.) (hint-
potassium permanganate dissolve in water)
 REASON- Compound do not shows light color.
 ANS-Assertion is true but Reason is false.

10.) ASSERTION- Particles in liquid state shows motion.

 REASON-It possess potential energy
 ANS-Assertion is true but Reason is false.
MCQ’S
Q1. Which of the following cannot be considered a form of matter?
 (a) Atom
(b) Water
(c) Humidity
(d) Electron
 Answer: (c) Humidity

Q2. Which of the following causes the temperature of a substance to remain

constant while it is undergoing a change in its state?
 (a) Latent heat
(b) Lattice energy
(c) Loss of heat
(d) None of these
 Answer: (a) Latent heat

Q3. When water at 0°C freezes to form ice at the same temperature of 0°C, then it:
(a) Absorbs some heat
(b) Releases some heat
(c) Neither absorbs nor releases heat
(d) Absorbs 3.34 x 105J/kg of heat
 Answer: (b) Releases some heat
 Q4. Which of the following statement is correct?
 (a) Substances that exist as liquids at room temperature typically have melting and boiling
points lower than that of room temperature.
(b) The process in which a substance transitions directly from a solid to a gas state without
going through the liquid state is known as sublimation.
(c) To convert a temperature from the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, add 273 to the given
temperature.
(d) The density of ice is lower than that of water.
 Answer: (d) The density of ice is lower than that of water.

Q5. Under which of the following circumstances would the distance between
molecules of hydrogen gas increase?
 (i) Applying greater pressure to hydrogen within a sealed container.
(ii) Leakage of a portion of the hydrogen gas from the container.
(iii) Expanding the volume of the container holding hydrogen gas.
(iv) Introducing additional hydrogen gas into the container without altering its volume.
 (a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (i) and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (ii) and (iv)
 Answer: (c) (ii) and (iii)

Q6. What is the physical state of matter in which particles have the least kinetic
energy?
A) Solid
B) Liquid
C) Gas
D) Plasma
 Answer: A) Solid
 Q7. Which of the following is a characteristic property of solids?
A) Definite shape and volume
B) Indefinite shape and volume
C) Indefinite shape but definite volume
D) Definite shape but indefinite volume
 Answer: A) Definite shape and volume

 Q8. What happens to the arrangement of particles when a substance changes from
solid to liquid state?
A) Particles come closer together
B) Particles move further apart
C) Particles become arranged in a regular pattern
D) None of the above
 Answer: B) Particles move further apart

 Q9. Which of the following statements about gases is true?

A) Gases have definite shape and volume
B) Gases have definite shape but indefinite volume
C) Gases have indefinite shape and volume
D) Gases have indefinite shape but definite volume
 Answer: C) Gases have indefinite shape and volume

 Q10. The process of conversion of a solid into a gas without passing through the
liquid state is called
A) Evaporation
B) Condensation
C) Sublimation
D) Fusion
 Answer: C) Sublimation
THANK YOU!!