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Learning and Memory Chapter 13

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18 views43 pages

Learning and Memory Chapter 13

Uploaded by

Stina Doda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 13

Learning and Memory


SIMPLE LEARNING
a. habituation
b. Pavlovian learning
c. instrumental learning
d. biological mechanisms

HIGHER ORDER COGNITION


a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory
b. spatial learning
c. clinical cases
SIMPLE LEARNING
a. habituation
b. Pavlovian learning
c. instrumental learning
d. biological mechanisms

HIGHER ORDER COGNITION


a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory
b. spatial learning
c. clinical cases
• Learning
• Process by which experiences change our nervous
system and behavior.

• Habituation
• Decrement in reflexive response due to repeated
stimulus presentation.
SIMPLE LEARNING
a. habituation
b. Pavlovian learning
c. instrumental learning
d. biological mechanisms

HIGHER ORDER COGNITION


a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory
b. spatial learning
c. clinical cases
• Classical conditioning

• Unconditioned stimulus (US)


• Unconditioned response (UR)
• Conditioned stimulus (CS)
• Conditioned response (CR)
SIMPLE LEARNING
a. habituation
b. Pavlovian learning
c. instrumental learning
d. biological mechanisms

HIGHER ORDER COGNITION


a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory
b. spatial learning
c. clinical cases
• Instrumental conditioning
• A learning procedure whereby the effects of a
particular behavior in a particular situation increase
(reinforce) or decrease (punish) the probability of the
behavior; also called operant conditioning.
• Reinforcing stimulus
• Appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior
and thus makes the behavior become more frequent.

• Punishing stimulus
• Aversive stimulus that follows a particular behavior
and thus makes the behavior become less frequent.
SIMPLE LEARNING
a. habituation
b. Pavlovian learning
c. instrumental learning
d. biological mechanisms

HIGHER ORDER COGNITION


a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory
b. spatial learning
c. clinical cases
• Long-term potentiation (LTP)
• Long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron
caused by repeated high-frequency activity of input.

• Associative long-term potentiation


• LTP in which concurrent stimulation of weak and
strong synapses to a given neuron strengthens the
weak ones.
• NMDA receptor
• Specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that
controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked
by Mg2+ ions.

• AMPA receptor
• Ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium
channel; when its open, it produces EPSPs.
• CaM-KII
• Type II calcium-calmodulin kinase; enzyme activated
by calcium and plays role in establishment of LTP.

• Nitric oxide synthase


• An enzyme responsible for the production of nitric
oxide.
• Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
• Fiber bundle that runs through lateral hypothalamus; electrical
stimulation of MFB is reinforcing.

• Ventral tegmental area (VTA)


• Dopaminergic neurons in midbrain whose axons form the
mesolimbic and mesocortical system; plays role in
reinforcement.

• Nucleus accumbens
• Nucleus of the forebrain that receives dopamine-secreting
terminal buttons from neurons of VTA; involved in
reinforcement.
SIMPLE LEARNING
a. habituation
b. Pavlovian learning
c. instrumental learning
d. biological mechanisms

HIGHER ORDER COGNITION


a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory
b. spatial learning
c. clinical cases
• Declarative memory
• Memory that can be verbally expressed, such as
memory for events in a person’s past.

• Nondeclarative memory
• Memory whose formation does not depend on the
hippocampal formation; a collective term for
perceptual, stimulus-response, and motor memory.
• Episodic memories
• Memory of a collection of perceptions of events
organized in time and identified by a particular
context.

• Semantic memories
• A memory of facts and general information.
SIMPLE LEARNING
a. habituation
b. Pavlovian learning
c. instrumental learning
d. biological mechanisms

HIGHER ORDER COGNITION


a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory
b. spatial learning
c. clinical cases
• Spatial memories
• Functional imaging studies have shown that the right
hippocampal formation becomes active when a person is
remembering or performing a navigational task.

• Place cell
• A neuron that becomes active when the animal is in a
particular location in the environment; most typically
found in the hippocampal formation.
SIMPLE LEARNING
a. habituation
b. Pavlovian learning
c. instrumental learning
d. biological mechanisms

HIGHER ORDER COGNITION


a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory
b. spatial learning
c. clinical cases
• Consolidation
• Process by which short-term memories are converted
into long-term memories.

• Short-term memory
• Immediate memory for events, which may or may not
be consolidated into long-term memory.

• Long-term memory
• Relatively stable memory of events that occurred in the
more distant past.
• Anterograde amnesia
• Amnesia for events that occur after trauma.

• Retrograde amnesia
• Amnesia for events that occur just prior to the brain
trauma.
• Korsakoff’s syndrome
• Permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain
damage resulting from chronic alcoholism.

• Confabulation
• The reporting of memories of events that did not take
place without the intention to deceive, seen in people
with Korsakoff’s syndrome.

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