Addressing
1. MAC Address
2. IP Address i) IPv4 Address
ii) IPv6 Address
MAC Address
1. MAC Address is the abbreviation of Media
Access Control Address
2. It’s a 48 binary bit number (6 byte)
3. Represented in Hexadecimal (12
Hexadecimal number)
4. Known as Physical address
5. World wide unique number
Example:
Hexadecim CA-2B-00-02-E4-48
al
Binary 110010100010101100000000000000101110010001001000
Properties of IP Address
1. 32 Binary bit number
2. Represented in Decimal number system
3. 32 bits are divided into four equal parts
4. Each part contains 8 binary bit and known
as octet. Octets are separated by dot (.)
5. Known as logical address
Example:
Decimal 192.168.0.1
Binary 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000001
Octets in IP address
1st Octet 2nd Octet 3rd Octet 4th Octet
192 168 0 1
11000000 10101000 00000000 00000001
Range of values in each Octets
Octet 1st Octet 2nd Octet 3rd Octet 4th Octet
Minimum 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
Maximum 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111
Minimum 0 0 0 0
Maximum 255 255 255 255
Class in IP address
The values of the first octet ranging from 0 to
255 are divided into five groups and known
as Class.
Class Binary Decimal
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
A 00000000 01111111 0 (1) 127*
B 10000000 10111111 128 191
C 11000000 11011111 192 223
D 11100000 11101111 224 239
E 11110000 11111111 240 255
* IP addresses starting with 127 are known as loopback address
Network bit and host bit
32 bits of an IP address are divided into two
parts and known as network bit and host
bit. The left side bits of an IP address are
known as network bit and the right side bits
are known as host bit.
Class Network Host bit Format
bit
A 8 24 N.H.H.H
B 16 16 N.N.H.H
C 24 8 N.N.N.H
Network Address (NA): All the network bit
will remain unchanged, all the host bit will
be zero.
Broadcast Address (BA): All the network
bit will remain unchanged, all the host bit
will be one.
Subnet Mask (SM) : All the network bit will
be one, all the host bit will be zero.
Example: Class C IP address
IP: 192.168.0.45
Network bit 24, Host bit 8
Binary Decimal
NA 11000000 10101000 00000000 00000000 192.168.0.0
FH 11000000 10101000 00000000 00000001 192.168.0.1
LH 11000000 10101000 00000000 11111110 192.168.0.254
BA 11000000 10101000 00000000 11111111 192.168.0.255
SM 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0
Example: Class B IP address
IP: 175.210.195.60
Network bit 16, Host bit 16
Binary Decimal
NA 10101111 11010010 00000000 00000000 175.210.0.0
FH 10101111 11010010 00000000 00000001 175.210.0.1
LH 10101111 11010010 11111111 11111110 175.210.255.254
BA 10101111 11010010 11111111 11111111 175.210.255.255
SM 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0
Example: Class A IP address
IP: 50.170.202.75
Network bit 8, Host bit 24
Binary Decimal
NA 00110010 00000000 00000000 00000000 50.0.0.0
FH 00110010 00000000 00000000 00000001 50.0.0.1
LH 00110010 11111111 11111111 11111110 50.255.255.254
BA 00110010 11111111 11111111 11111111 50.255.255.255
SM 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0
Subnet Mask
Subnet masks are frequently expressed in dotted
decimal notation.
Subnet mask is not an IP address.
Subnet mask defines the network bit and host bit of
any IP address.
Each host on a TCP/IP network requires a subnet mask
even on a single segment network.
Address Class Bits for Subnet Mask Subnet Mask
Class A 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0
Class B 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0
Class C 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0
Public VS Private IP address
Public IP address:
A public IP address is the address that is
assigned to a device to allow direct access
over the Internet. A web server, email
server and any server device directly
accessible from the Internet are candidate
for a public IP address. A public IP address is
globally unique, and can only be assigned
to an unique device. Public IP addresses are
internationally routable and saleable.
Public VS Private IP address
Private IP address:
A private IP address is the address space
allocated to NIC to allow organizations to create
their own private network. The computers,
tablets and Smartphone sitting behind your
home, and the personal computers within an
organizations are usually assigned private IP
addresses. A network printer residing in your
home or office is assigned a private address so
that only your local users can print to your local
printer. Private IP addresses are non routable
and non saleable.
Range of Private IP addresses
Class Starting IP Ending IP # of host
A 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 1,67,77,216
B 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 1048576
C 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 65536
All the rest are public IP address
Static VS Dynamic IP address
Static IP address:
A static IP address is an address that is
permanently assigned to a device by the
administrator, and does not change even if
the device reboots. A static IP address is
usually assigned to a server who is hosting
websites, providing email, database and FTP
services. A static IP address is also assigned
to a commercial leased line or public
organization requiring same IP address each
and every time.
Static VS Dynamic IP address
Dynamic IP address:
A dynamic IP address is dynamically assigned
to device by the DHCP server. Each time the
device is rebooted, DHCP dynamically
assigns an IP address to the device using
DHCP protocol. Since DHCP dynamically
assigns an IP address to a device on reboot,
the device may not always receive the
same IP address.
IP Service
IP supports the following services
One-to-one (unicast)
One-to-all (broadcast)
One-to-several (multicast)
unicast
broadcast multicast
Journey to IP Versions…
IPV(1-3) : were not formally assigned.
IPV4 : TCP/IP , 32bit IP address currently
used.
IPV5 : Internet Stream Protocol (SP)
Experimental Protocol
Never Introduced for public use.
IPV6 : Designed to replace IPV4 , 128bit IP
address
Shortcoming of IPV4….
IPV4 specification didn’t identify any
security mechanism.
Millions of class A addresses are wasted.
Many class B addresses also wasted.
Class E addresses were reserved for future
purposes.
