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Fermil Intro To Statistics

The document provides an introduction to statistics, covering basic concepts such as population, sample, parameter, and variable types. It distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, detailing different scales of measurement including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Additionally, it explains frequency distribution methods, including ungrouped, grouped, relative, and cumulative distributions.

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MJ Gime Pontero
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25 views29 pages

Fermil Intro To Statistics

The document provides an introduction to statistics, covering basic concepts such as population, sample, parameter, and variable types. It distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, detailing different scales of measurement including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Additionally, it explains frequency distribution methods, including ungrouped, grouped, relative, and cumulative distributions.

Uploaded by

MJ Gime Pontero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Xyrelle V. Fermil

Statistics
Introduction to Statistics
1 Basic Concepts

2 Type of
Statistics
3 Scale Measurements

4
Frequency Distribution
1
Statistics
the discipline that concerns the 2
collection, organization, analysis,
interpretation, and presentation of
data. 3

4
Basic Concepts
• Population
- Population is the collection of all individuals
or items under consideration in a statistical
study. (Weiss, 1999)

• Sample
- Sample is that part of the population from
which
information is collected. (Weiss, 1999)
• Parameter
- A parameter is an unknown numerical
summary of the population.

• Statistic
- A statistic is a known numerical summary of
the sample which can be used to make
inference about parameters.
• Variable
- A characteristic that varies from one person or
thing to another.
- any characteristic that varies from one
individual member of the population to another.
- Examples of variables for humans are height,
weight, number of siblings, sex, marital status,
and eye color.
Quantitative (or numerical) variables
Qualitative (or categorical) variables
Quantitative (or numerical) variables

1. Dicrete
- a variable whose possible values are some or all
of the ordinary counting numbers
- only a countable number of distinct possible
values
2. Continuous
- can in principle be measured arbitrarily
accurately
- no indivible unit
Type of
Statistics
1 Descriptive

2 Inferentia
1 Descriptiv
•
e
Describes the data.
• Concise representation of the data’s
characteristics.

It includes:
1. Measure of Central Tendency
2. Measure of Variability
3. Measure of Distribution
1 Descriptiv
e
2 Inferenti
al
• Draw conclusions, make predictions, or test
hypotheses about a larger population
• It helps us confirms or refutes the
hypothesis
It includes:
1. Hypothesis Testing
2. Regression Analysis
2 Inferenti
al
Scale Measurements
Measurement is defined as assigning numbers to
observations according to certain rules. Measurement may
refer, for example, to counting the number of times a certain
phenomenon occurs.

Nomina Ordinal Interva Ratio


Categories Rank order Order and Zero point
l l
equal
Nominal Scale
• Based on assigning items to categories
• Labeling variables, with no quantitative
value
• No higher or lower, nor better or worse;
just different categories
Categories Nomina
1. Nominal with order Categories
l
2. Nominal without order
3. Dichotomous
Ordinal Scale
• More order; they are ranked
• There might be a better or worse among it
• No known difference among each one of it

Examples Nomina Ordinal


1. Non-numeric concepts Categories Rank order
l
2. Preferences
Interval Scale
• Have order and equal intervals between
them
• Lacks a true zero; if there is, zero is only a
reference point
• Can be added or subtracted; but not
multiplied or divided
Nomina Ordinal Interva
Categories Rank order Order and
Examples l l
equal
1. Temperature interval
Ratio Scale
• Includes properties of all the previously
stated scales
• Have order and equal intervals
• Zero indicates a total lack of the property
• Can be added, subtracted, multiplied, or
divided
Nomina Ordinal Interva Ratio
Categories Rank order Order and Zero point
l Examples l
equal
1. Weight/ Height interval
2. Distance
Frequency Distribution
• To organize the collected data in table form

Ungroupe
1 d 2 Grouped

Cumulativ
3 Relative 4 e
Ungroupe
1 d

• It shows the frequency of an item in each separate


data value rather than groups of data values.
• For ordinal variables, the values should be
ordered from smallest to largest in the table rows.
• For nominal variables, the values can be in any
order in the table. You may wish to order them
alphabetically or in some other logical order.
Ungroupe
1 d
2 Grouped

• Data is arranged and separated into groups called


class intervals.
• Shows the distribution of frequencies in class
intervals.
• A sociologist conducted a survey of 20 adults. She
wants to report the frequency distribution of the
ages of the survey respondents. The respondents
were the following ages in years:
• 52, 34, 32, 29, 63, 40, 46, 54, 36, 36, 24, 19, 45, 20,
52, 34, 32, 29, 63, 40, 46, 54, 36,
2 Grouped
36, 24, 19, 45, 20, 28, 29, 38, 33,
49, 37
• Divide the variable into class intervals. Below is
one method to divide a variable into class intervals.
Different methods will give different answers, but
there’s no agreement on the best method to calculate
class intervals.

- Calculate the range.


Range = highest value – lowest value
Range = 63 – 19
Range = 44
52, 34, 32, 29, 63, 40, 46, 54, 36,
2 Grouped
36, 24, 19, 45, 20, 28, 29, 38, 33,
49, 37
- Decide the class interval width.
*You can round this value to a whole number or a
number that’s convenient to add.
52, 34, 32, 29, 63, 40, 46, 54, 36,
2 Grouped
36, 24, 19, 45, 20, 28, 29, 38, 33,
49, 37
- Calculate the class intervals.
- Each interval is defined by a lower limit and upper
limit. Observations in a class interval are greater
than or equal to the lower limit and less than the
upper limit:
52, 34, 32, 29, 63, 40, 46, 54, 36,
2 Grouped
36, 24, 19, 45, 20, 28, 29, 38, 33,
49, 37
- Calculate the class intervals.
- Each interval is defined by a lower limit and upper
limit. Observations in a class interval are greater
than or equal to the lower limit and less than the
upper limit:

- Create a table
- Count the frequencies
52, 34, 32, 29, 63, 40, 46, 54, 36,
2 Grouped
36, 24, 19, 45, 20, 28, 29, 38, 33,
49, 37
Age (a), years Frequency
4
9
3
3
1
• To calculate the relative
3 Relative frequencies, divide each
frequency by the sample size.

Age (a), years Frequency Relative f


4 0.2
9 0.45
3 0.15
3 0.15
1 0.05
Cumulativ • is the number of observations
4 e less than or equal to a certain
value or class interval

Age (a), years f Cumulative f


4 4
9 13
3 16
3 19
1 20
Cumulativ • is the number of observations
4 e less than or equal to a certain
value or class interval

Age (a), years f cf rcf


4 4 0.2
9 13 0.65
3 16 0.8
3 19 0.95
1 20 1

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