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Biosensors

A biosensor is a device that combines a biological element with a transducer to detect specific chemical compounds in biological samples, producing an electronic signal proportional to the analyte. Key components include the analyte, sample handling, detection, and signal processing, with various types such as calorimetric, potentiometric, and optical biosensors. Applications range from clinical diagnostics to environmental monitoring and food analysis.

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20 views26 pages

Biosensors

A biosensor is a device that combines a biological element with a transducer to detect specific chemical compounds in biological samples, producing an electronic signal proportional to the analyte. Key components include the analyte, sample handling, detection, and signal processing, with various types such as calorimetric, potentiometric, and optical biosensors. Applications range from clinical diagnostics to environmental monitoring and food analysis.

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agrienics
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What is a Biosensor?

“Biosensor” – Any device that uses specific biochemical reactions to


detect chemical compounds in biological samples.
Current Definition

A sensor that integrates a biological element with a physiochemical


transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a single
analyte which is then conveyed to a detector.
Components of a Biosensor

Detector
Father of the Biosensor

Professor Leland C Clark Jnr


1918–2005
History of Biosensors

 1916 First report on immobilization of proteins : adsorption of


invertase on activated charcoal

 1922 First glass pH electrode

 1956 Clark published his definitive paper on the oxygen


electrode.

 1962 First description of a biosensor: an amperometric


enzyme electrodre for glucose (Clark)

 1969 Guilbault and Montalvo – First potentiometric


biosensor:urease immobilized on an ammonia
electrode to detect urea

 1970 Bergveld – ion selective Field Effect Transistor (ISFET)

 1975 Lubbers and Opitz described a fibre-optic sensor with immobilised


indicator to measure carbon dioxide or oxygen.
Basic Characteristics of a
Biosensor

1. LINEARITY Linearity of the sensor should be high


forthe detection of high substrate
concentration.
2. SENSITIVITY Value of the electrode response per
substrate concentration.
3. SELECTIVITY Chemicals Interference must be
minimised for obtaining the correct
result.
4.RESPONSE TIME Time necessary for having 95%
of the response.
Biosensor

Analyte
Response

Detection Sample
Analysis
handling/
Signal preparation
Biosensor
1. The Analyte (What do you want to detect)
Molecule - Protein, toxin, peptide, vitamin, sugar,
metal ion

2. Sample handling (How to deliver the analyte to the sensitive region?)


(Micro) fluidics - Concentration increase/decrease),
Filtration/selection
Biosensor

3. Detection/Recognition
(How do you specifically recognize the analyte?)

4. Signal
(How do you know there was a detection)
Example of biosensors

Infectous disease biosensor


from RBS

Old time coal miners’ biosensor


Research Biosensors

Biacore Biosensor platform


Types of Biosensors

1. Calorimetric Biosensor
2. Potentiometric Biosensor
3. Amperometric Biosensor
4. Optical Biosensor
5. Piezo-electric Biosensor
Piezo-Electric Biosensors

Piezo-electric devices use gold to detect the


specific angle at which electron waves are
emitted when the substance is exposed to laser
light or crystals, such as quartz, which vibrate
under the influence of an electric field.

The change in frequency is proportional


to the mass of absorbed material.
Electrochemical Biosensors

• For applied current: Movement of e- in redox


reactions detected when a potential is applied
between two electrodes.
Potentiometric Biosensor

 For voltage: Change in distribution of


charge is detected using ion-selective
electrodes, such as pH-meters.
Optical Biosensors

•Colorimetric for color


Measure change in light adsorption

•Photometric for light intensity


Photon output for a luminescent or
fluorescent process can be detected
with photomultiplier tubes or
photodiode systems.
Calorimetric Biosensors

If the enzyme catalyzed reaction is exothermic,


two thermistors may be used to
measure the difference in resistance
between reactant and product and, hence,
the analyte concentration.
Electrochemical DNA
Biosensor
 Steps involved in electrochemical
DNA hybridization biosensors:
 Formation of the DNA recognition layer

 Actual hybridization event

 Transformation of the hybridization event


into an electrical signal
DNA biosensor

Motivated by the application to clinical diagnosis


and genome mutation detection

Types DNA Biosensors


 Electrodes
 Chips
 Crystals
Wearable Biosensors

Ring Sensor

Smart Shirt
Biosensors on the Nanoscale

 Molecular sheaths around the nanotube are developed that


respond to a particular chemical and modulate the
nanotube's optical properties.

 A layer of olfactory proteins on a nanoelectrode react with


low-concentration odorants (SPOT-NOSED Project).
Doctors can use to diagnose diseases at earlier stages.

 Nanosphere lithography (NSL) derived triangular Ag


nanoparticles are used to detect streptavidin down to one
picomolar concentrations.

The School of Biomedical Engineering has developed an anti-


body based piezoelectric nanobiosensor to be used for
anthrax,HIV hepatitis detection.
Potential Applications

• Clinical diagnostics
• Food and agricultural processes
• Environmental (air, soil, and water) monitoring
• Detection of warfare agents.
Application of Biosensor

 Food Analysis
 Study of biomolecules and their interaction
 Drug Development
 Crime detection
 Medical diagnosis (both clinical and laboratory use)
 Environmental field monitoring
 Quality control
 Industrial Process Control
 Detection systems for biological warfare agents
 Manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and replacement

organs
 Biosensors play a part in the
field of environmental quality,
medicine and industry mainly
by identifying material and the
degree of concentration
present

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