PAINTING AND POLISHING
ADITI AGARWAL
ADITYA PAL
KASHFI
NAMAN BHATIA
PRAGYA SHUKLA
SUBHA BHAT
TANYA KANSAL
VARTIKA CHAUDHARY
OBJECTIVE
Paint is any liquid which after application to a
substrate in a thin layer is converted to an
opaque solid film.
Paint is used to protect, decorate (such as adding
color), or add functionality to an object or surface
by covering it with a pigmented coating.
Paint can also be mixed with glaze to create
various textures and patterns.
The main objective of paint is to protect the
painted surfaces from moisture and other
atmospheric agencies.
CONSTITUENTS OF A PAINT
An inert
Coloring
Base filler or
pigment
extender
Solvent or
Vehicle Drier
thinner
BASE
A BASE IS A SOLID SUBSTANCE IN A
FORM OF FINE POWDER, FORMING THE
BULK OF A PAINT.. A BASE IN A PAINT
PROVIDES AN OPAQUE COATING TO
HIDE THE SURFACE TO BE PAINTED.
VEHICLE
VEHICLE IS LIQUID SUBSTANCE
WHICH HOLDS DIFFERENT
INGREDIENTS OF PAINTS IN LIQUID
SUSPENSION . VEHICLE SPREAD THE
PAINT EVENLY ON THE APPLIED
SURFACE. RAW LINSEED OIL, LINSEED
OIL , BOILED LINSEED OIL, NUT OIL,
POPPY OIL ETC ARE USED AS VEHICLES.
DRIERS
DRIERS USED TO ACCELERATE THE PROCESS OF DRYING AND
HARDENING BY EXTRACTING OXYGEN FROM ATMOSPHERE AND
TRANSFERING IT TO THE VEHICLE.
HOWEVER THEY REDUCES THE ELASTICITY
OF PAINT SO NOT TO BE USE D IN FINAL COAT.
INERT FILLER OR EXTENDER
THE INERT FILLERS SERVE THE
FOLLOWING PURPOSES :
(I) REDUCE THE COST OF PAINT
(II) IMPROVE DURABILITY
(III)PREVENT SHRINKAGE AND CRACKING.
HOWEVER, THESE ARE TERMED AS ADULTERANTS, AND THEIR WEIGHT
SHOULD NOT EXCEED ONE FOURTH THE WEIGHT OF THE BASE.
LITHARGE (PBO), RED LEAD AND SULPHATES OF ZINC ARE USED AS
DRIERS IN LIQUID FORM.
SOLVENTS
SOLVENTS ARE ADDED TO THE PAINT
TO MAKE IT THIN SO THAT IT CAN BE
EASILY APPLIED ON SURFACES. IT
ALSO HELPS THE PAINT IN
PENETRATING THROUGH THE
POROUS SURFACE OF THE
BACKGROUND. THE THINNING
AGENT COMMONLY USED IS THE
SPIRIT OF TURPENTINE .THINNER
REDUCES THE GLOSS OF THE PAINT.
PIGMENTS
PIGMENTS IMPART SUCH
QUALITIES AS COLOR AND OPACITY
AND INFLUENCE PROPERTIES SUCH
AS GLOSS, FILM FLOW, AND
PROTECTIVE ABILITIES.
TOOLS USED:-
5” 1”
•PLATS
2”, 3” 4”
•BRUSHES
•ROLLERS
•SAND PAPERS
ROLLER FRAME
ROLLERS
OTHER TOOLS
ROLLER SLEEVES
CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS
Paints are classified as
Whitewash
Water paints or distemper
Cement based paint
Emulsion paints
Enamelpaints
Varnish
Oil paints
Special Paints
Whitewash
Whitewash cures through a reaction with carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere to form calcium
carbonate in the form of calcite, a reaction
known as carbonation.
When the paint initially dries it is uncured, and
has almost no strength. It takes up to a few days,
depending on climate to harden.
It is usually applied to exteriors. Occasionally it is
colored and used on structures such as the
hallways of apartment buildings, but it is not
popular for this as it can rub off onto clothing to
Water paints
They are used mainly on
internal walls and ceilings and
most of them give a flat finish.
There are several kinds and
are prepared on the site by
adding water to make a paste.
They have a drying oil or
varnish medium emulsified in
water containing glue or other
fixatives; barites is a common
pigment along with tinting
pigments.
Distempers
Distemper is an early form of white wash which is
used as medium for aesthetic works of art on
surfaces. It is also called soft size paint and is
usually made from powdered chalk or lime. It uses
hide glue as its medium to attain a soft finish like
velvet. It has many similarities with lime and gives
warm and charming results.
According to Indian standard Dry Distemper is
water based wall paint but its binders may be
natural or synthetic (acrylic). It is more durable than
color wash. It contains a glue size vehicle and tinted
powdered chalk. This paint is used to achieve
softness like velvet.
Cement based paints
It is a type of water paint in which
white or colored pigment and
cement forms base.
No oil is present.
Available in market in powdered
form
Then diluting it by water to brush
able consistency.
As the paint gets spoiled within 1
hour of its mixing due to setting of
cement so equal volume of paint
should be mixed.
This paint is applied to exposed or
plastered brick masonry and
concrete work
Emulsion paints
An emulsion is a liquid having finely suspended particles
of a substance. It contain binding material poly-venyl
acetate, synthetic resins etc.
Easy to apply and dry quickly in about 1 -1/2 to 2 hours.
The color of the paint is retained for a long period and
the surface of the paint is tough and can be cleaned by
washing with water.
There is absence of odor and the paint posses excellent
alkali resistance.
Application of emulsion paint is done by brush or spray
gun, and for long life 2 coats of emulsion is done
generally.
For rough cement plastered surface a thin coat of cement
paint must be applied to smoothen the surface, because it
is necessary to have sound surfaces for emulsion paints.
Enamel paints
Enamel paints are made by adding
pigments like lead or zinc white to a
vehicle which is a varnish.
On drying it gives a smooth glossy
solid film.
Colouring pigments are added to
give desired colour.
Used both in exterior & interior walls.
It is resistant to atmospheric
agencies.
Used to paint porches, decks, stairs,
concrete surfaces etc.
Varnish
Varnish is a clear pale solution of a
resinous substance dissolved in
either oil, turpentine oil or alcohol.
This solution after drying forms a
hard, transparent glossy film on the
applied surface.
Plays an important role in finishing
and protecting wooden surfaces.
Varnishes are of two types
1. Oil varnish
2. Spirit varnish
Prices of synthetic varnish vary
from 150-180 Rs per litre.
Prices of local varnish vary from 90
Rs per litre.
Oil paints
This can be applied to all surfaces such as wooden,
masonry, metal etc.
Vehicles that are generally used are linseed oil (raw),
white lead ,tug oil etc.
Base pigments are lead, titanium oxide, driers used are red
lead, sulphates of zinc etc.
Are cheaper ,easy to use.
Should not he applied during humid and damp weather.
Oil paints dry by evaporation of the solvent and by
oxidation; they have been replaced by synthetic paints.
They posses good opacity and low gloss.
The layer of oil paint serves as a foundation for a fresh
paint.
Special paints
Bituminous Paints – The paint present a black
appearance and is used for painting iron work under
water.
Chlorinated Rubber Paints – The paints offer good
resistance to acids and alkalis and can be use where
fumes from these chemicals arise. They are suitable
for internal use on brick work, concrete and steel
work.
Fire Resistant Paints – These are used to increase
the resistance to fire of wood and certain building
boards.
Aluminum paints – It is used for painting wood &
metal surfaces.
Cellulose paints - These are synthetically
reproduced from cellulose compounds and most of
them have to be applied as a spray for they dry very
METHODS OF PAINTING
There are a series of
operations involved in
painting
1. Preparation of surface
2. Primering
3. Second coat or undercoat
4. Finishing coat
Preparation of New Surface
Newly plastered surfaces are allowed to dry for at least two
months before the application of distemper.
The surface is brushed thoroughly to make it free from
mortar droppings.
Then the sand paper is rubbed to make the surface smooth.
Preparation of Old Surface
All loose pieces and scales are removed by sand papering.
The surface is cleaned of all grease, dirt, etc
Holes in plaster are filled in with Plaster of Paris mixed with
color.
Then the surface is rubbed down again with fine grade sand
paper to make it smooth.
A coat of distemper is applied on patches.
The patched surface is allowed to dry thoroughly before
applying regular coat of distemper.
The following pretreatments should be applied
over the whole surface as a primer, according
to the type of paint use:
(a)Size bound distemper A coat of clear coal
One coat A coat of size alone will be
Two coat sufficient.
(b) Dry distemper
A coat of the same distemper
thinned with water or petrifying
(c) Oil paint liquid.
(d) Emulsion paint A coat of thin primer.
A coat of the same paint thinned
with water or sealers
(e) Cement paint and recommended by the
whitewash manufacturer.
Wet the surface before applying
Undercoating and finishing
The entire surface should be coated with
proper paint brushes in horizontal strokes
uniformly followed by vertical ones
immediately.
The subsequent coats should be applied only
after the previous coats are dried.
The finished surface should be even and
uniform showing no brush marks.
PRECAUTIONS DURING
PAINTING
Enough paint should be mixed to finish one room at
a time.
After a days work the brushes should be washed in
hot water and hung down to dry.
Old and dirty brushes with paint should not be used.
Doors, windows, floors and electrical items should be
protected from the splashes of paints.
If any drop of paint falls on any article, they should
be cleaned immediately.
After painting care should be taken that the surface
is not destroyed by touching with any dirty material.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL PAINT
(1) Paint should form hard and durable surface.
(2) It should give attractive appearance.
(3) It should be cheap and readily available.
(4) It should be such that it can be applied easily to
the surfaces.
(5) It should have good spreading quality, so as to
cover maximum area minimum quantity.
(6) It should dry in reasonable time.
(7) It should not show hair cracks on drying.
(8) It should form film of uniform colour, on drying.
(9) It should be stable for a longer period.
(10) It should not be affected by atmospheric
DEFECTS IN PAINTING
Blistering- It is caused due to the formation of
bubbles under the film of paint. These bubbles
are formed due to trapping of water vapour
behind the paint surface.
Bloom- It may be caused due to either defect in
paint or due to poor ventilation. In this defect dull
patches are formed on finished polished surface.
Crawling or sagging- This defect occurs due to
the application of too thick a paint.
Fading- This is the gradual loss of colour of the
paint, due to the effect of sunlight on pigments
on the paint.
Flaking- It is the dislocation or loosening of some
portion of the painted surface, resulting from
poor adhesion.
Flashing- It is the formation of glossy patches
on the painted surface, resulting from poor
workmanship, cheap paint or weather action.
Flaking & fading
Grinning- This defect is caused when the final
coat doesn’t have sufficient opacity so that
background is clearly seen.
Running- This defect occurs when the surface to
be painted is too smooth. Due to this, the paint
runs back and small areas of the surface
uncovered.
Sponification- This refers to the formation of
soap patches on the painted surface due to
chemical action of alkalies.
Patches and Flakes
SITE AND MARKET SURVEY
Oil bound paints – Rs. 35 per liter
Plastic paint – Rs. 100, Rs. 190-320 per liter
Cement paint – Rs. 200-800 per liter
Dry distemper – It comes in market in dry
powdered state. Prices of dry distemper Rs. 25
per kg
Synthetic enamel – Rs. 120-200 per kg
Oil bound distemper – These are the lowest in
quality standards. They work generally in cold
water. 20 kg is available for Rs 690 in the
market.
THERE ARE MANY COMPANIES IN MARKET WHICH ARE
AVAILABLE FOR THE PAINTING PRODUCTS BUT,
GENERALLY THE COMPANIES WHICH ARE MOST
POPULAR ARE:
ASIAN PAINTS
BERGER
ICI
NEROLAC
NOW A DAYS LOTS OF STYLES AND METHODS ARE
AVAILABLE TO ENHANCE THE STYLE AND AESTHETICS
OF BUILDINGS. LIKE TEXTURE PAINTS , EMULSION
PAINTS,ENAMELS,DISTEMPERS AND MANY MORE,
WHICH ARE SELECTED AS PER THE NEED.
WHITE CEMENT:-
BIRLA- 90/5KG.
JK- 95/5kg.
PUTTY:-
BIRLA- 490/20KG.
JK- 490/20KG.
BERGER- 495/20KG.
SAMOSAM:-
BERGER- 170/5KG.
NEROLAC- 175/5KG.
ICI- 170/5KG.
ASIAN PAINTS- 175/5KG.
BASICALLY USED FOR EXTERIOR SURFACES OF THE BUILDING.
DISTEMPERS(WHITE)-
THE RATE OF DISTEMPER VARIES FROM 240-250/5 KG.
AND THE COMPANIES AVAILABLE ARE BERGER,ASIAN
PAINTS,ICI,NEROLAC ETC.
IT IS USED ON WALLS IT IS IN PASTE FORM .
LASTIC PAINTS/LUXURY EMULSIONS
BERGER SILK- 350/L
RANGOLI- 280/L
BISON EMULSIONS- 110/L
ASIAN ROYAL PLAY- 400/L
PREMIER EMULSIONS- 220-230/L
NEROLAC (GOLD BEAUTY, IMPRESSIONS,LOTUS TOUCH)-
220-450/L
WOOD FINISHING
THINNER- 160/L
DANA- 600/KG
CHANDRAS- 180/KG
AMBER,RAOSAINA- 14/400GM
SINDOOR- 200/KG
TYPES OF PAINTS USES QUANTITY
Melamyne All types of interior Wood, 100-120 sq.
veneers, ft
Melamyne Gold Clear veneers, Plywood MDF 100-120sq ft.
Pu Interior veneers, Plywood MDF 100-120sq ft.
Pu Exterior exterior wood, can be used on 100-120sq ft.
all types of interior and
Wood,
Pu Palette Plywood MDF 100-120sq ft.
Melamyne Palette All types of interior Wood, 100-120sq ft.
PRIEMER:
IT IS BASICALLY AVAILABLE IN MANY BRANDS BUT MOST PREFERABLE
COMPANIES ARE BERGER, NEROLAC, ICI, ASIAN PAINTS ETC.
FOR WOOD-120/L
FOR IRON-90-100/L
FOR WALLS-70-90/L
VARNISH:
CLEAN VARNISH- 200/L
STAINER- 20/50ML
ALUMINIUM- 240-250/L
BERGER RED OXIDE(ZINC CHROMATE)-110/L
WEATHER COAT GUARD-200/
BRUSHES: 30-35 – 200/-
ROLLERS: 60-800/-
