Readings in Philippine

History

Prepared by: REYMARK A. TUMAMAO

Objectives

 Define History;
 Identify primary sources and secondary
sources; and
 Explain the significance of History.
Activity #1
 Reflect on your past!
1. Has your past influenced you in one way or another?
2. How does your past shape your identity and behavior?
3. Why history is important?
a. To society
b. Students
• Write your answers
c. institutions on A4 size bond
paper.
• Until 4:30pm
CONTEXT ANALYSIS

 Considers the time and place the historical document was written as
well as the situation of the circumstances during the time.
 Works pertaining to events in the past are analyzed by also taking
into account the author of the documents, his/her biographical
background , role in the event, and the intent for writing the
document.

 The two other questions to consider when doing a context analysis

are as follows:
 How authoritative is the account/source? Able to be trusted
as being accurate
 How is it relevant today?
or true and
reliable
What is History?
 History was derived was derived from the Greek word “Historia”
which means “ knowledge acquired through inquiry or
investigation.
 Historia became known as the account of the past of a person
or group of people through written documents and Historical
evidences.
 Historian’s duty to write about the important individuals like
monarch, heroes, saints and nobilities.
 Duty to draw insights from the ideas and realities that have shaped the
lives of men and women and the society.
 Understanding these ideas, a historian can comprehend how situations
happened, identify their elements, and think of how these situations can
solve today’s predicaments and help plan for the future.
HERODOTUS
Herodotus, Father of History: known
for his work in The Histories that
tells about the Greco-Persian War.
Herodotus was not a native of
Athens. He was born in
Halicarnassus (the modern Turkish
city of Bodrum),. about the time of
the Persian Wars.
Halicarnassus was a Dorian town
with substantial intermarriage
among its Greek, Carian, and
Persian populations
Definition of History

 History has always been known as the study of the

past.

 To make sense of history, it is necessary to first

understand what it is all about. Many people think
that history is merely lists of names, dates, places,
and “important” events. However, history or the study
of history is more than just knowing and memorizing
facts.
Why Study History?

 An examination of the past can tell us a great deal about how we came
to be who we are.
 It means looking at the roots of modern institutions, ideas, values, and
problems
 Looking at the past teaches us to see the world through different-
appreciating the diversity of human perceptions, beliefs, and cultures.
 Different and/or new perspectives will enable us to analyze critically the
present contexts of society and beings.
IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY

 History Helps Us Understand People and Societies

 History Helps Us Understand and Change
 How the Society We Live in Came to Be
 History Contributes to Moral Understanding
 History Provides Identity
 The Importance of History in Our Own Lives
 Studying History Is Essential for Good Citizenship
 History Is Useful in the World of Work
Distinction of Primary and
Secondary Sources
Historian’s , most important research are historical
sources.
Primary Sources
 Primary sources are those sources at the same time
as the event, period, or subject being studied.
 Materials produced by people or groups directly
involved in the event or topic being studied.
 These people are either participants or eyewitnesses
to the event
Ex. Eyewitness accounts of conventions delegates and
their memoirs can also used as primary sources.
Eight examples of these primary
resources
 Photographs that may reflect social conditions of historical realities and everyday life;
 Old sketches and drawings that may indicate the conditions of life of societies in the
past;
 Old maps that may reveal how space and geography were used to emphasize trade
routes, structural build-up, etc.
 Cartoons for political expression or propaganda;
 Materials evidence of the prehistoric past like cave drawings, old syllabaries, and
ancient writings;
 Statistical tables, graphs, and charts
 Oral history or recordings by electronic means of accounts of eyewitnesses or
participants; the recordings are then transcribed and used for research.
 Published and unpublished primary documents, eyewitness accounts, and other written
sources
Map showing the Katipunan
movement
Secondary Sources

Secondary Sources
 Secondary sources are those sources, which were produced by an author who
used primary sources to produced the material.

 Gottschalk simply defines secondar sources as “the testimony of anyone who is

not an eyewitness-that is of one who was not present at the event of which he
tells”

Example: Historian wishes to study the historiography of the Filipino- American War
for example, he can use works of different authors on the topic as his primary
sources.
These are books, articles, and scholarly journals that had interpreted primary
sources or had used them to discuss certain subject history.
External and Internal
Criticism
External Criticism
 It is the practice of verifying authenticity of evidence
by examining
 Physical characteristics
 Consistency with the historical characteristic of the
time when it was produced
 The materials used for the evidence.
Gilbert J. Garraghan (1946) provides the
following questions:

 When was the source, written or unwritten, produced (date)?

 Where was it produced (localization)?

 By whom was it produced (authorship)?

 From what pre-existing material was it produced (analysis)?

 In what original form was it produced (integrity)?

Internal Criticism

 It is the examination of the truthfulness of the evidence.

 It looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking

at the author of the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation, the
knowledge which informed it, and its intended purpose, among others.
Key (1997) provides the following questions to
check the content of a source of information:

 What was meant by the author by each word and statement?

 How much credibility can the author’s statements be given?

 REPOSITORIES of PRIMARY
SOURCES
 Archives
It is the accumulation of historical records or the physical place
Repositories is a they are located.
place in which
something,
especially a  Libraries
natural
It is a curated collection of sources of information and similar
resources, has
resources, selected by experts and made accessible to a defined
accumulated or
community for reference or borrowing.
where it is
found in
significant
quantities
 Museums
It is an institution that cares for (conserves) a collection of artifacts
and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance.

 Historical Societies
It is an organization dedicated to preserving, collecting, researching,
and interpreting historical information or items.

 Special Collections
Library units that house materials requiring specialized security and
user services.
KINDS of PRIMARY SOURCES

 AUTOBIOGRAPHIES- account written by the person himself and its

form may range from intimate writings not intended for publication (e.g.
journals, diaries, letters, memoirs) to a formal book length.
 Example: Mga Tala ng Aking Buhay by: Gregoria de Jesus

 DIARY-form of autobiographical writing, is a regularly kept record of the

diarist’s activities and reflection. The diary has frankness unlike the
writing done for publication
 Example: Personal Diary of Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos
 PERSONAL LETTER-type of letter (informal composition) that usually
concerns personal matters and is sent from one individual to another.
(Nordquist, 2013)

 Example: Personal Letter of Marcelo H. del Pilar to his niece, Josefa

Gatmaitan

 INTERVIEWS- questions and answers are given. A one-on-one interview

between interviewer and interviewee
 Example: Interview of Walter Dempster, Jr., the last person alive to
bear witness to the Japanese rape atrocities against comfort gays
(Aug. 10, 2002)
 SURVEYS-list of questions aimed at extracting specific data from a
particular data from a particular group of people. May be conducted
through phone, mail, via internet and sometimes face-to-face. It is used to
assess thoughts, opinions and feelings.

 FIELD RESEARCH OR FIELDWORK-collection of information outside a

laboratory, library or workplace setting.

 Example: Informal interviews, direct observation, immersion,

collective discussions
 PHOTOGRAPHS AND POSTERS- Illustrates past events as they
happened and people as they were at a particular time
WORK of ART and LITERATURE

 PAINTINGS: a form of visual art where paint or ink is used on a canvas

to depict an artist’s rendering of a scene or even of an abstract, non-
representational image.
 DRAWING: a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing
instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium.
 LITERATURE: a body of written works.
 SPEECH is a form of communication in spoken language, made by
speaker before an audience for a given purpose.
 ORAL HISTORY is the collection and study of historical information
about individuals, families, important events, or everyday life using
audiotapes, videotapes, or transcriptions of planned interviews.
KINDS of SECONDARY SOURCES

 BIOGRAPHY is a description of a real person’s life, including factual

details as well as stories from the person’s life. It came from Greek words
bios meaning “life” and -graphia meaning. It usually include information
about the subject’s personality and motivations.
 PERIODICALS are newspapers, magazines, and scholarly journals--- all
of which are published periodically.
 NEWSPAPER: Periodical publication containing written information about
current events. It is published daily.
 MAGAZINE AND JOURNAL: It is published weekly, monthly, quarterly,
annually, or at some other interval. It has often better-quality papers than
newspaper. Journals are written by scholars for other scholars. Magazines
are produced by professional writers and editors for general readership.
 LITERATURE REVIEW is an evaluative report of information found in
literature related to selected area of study. The review should describe,
summarize, evaluate and clarify the literature.
 REVIEW ARTICLE summarizes the current state of understanding on a
topic. It surveys and summarizes previously published studies, rather
than reporting new facts or analysis.
 FILM REVIEW is a popular way for critics to assess a film’s overall
quality and determine whether or not they think the film is worth
recommending.
 BOOK REVIEW is a form of literary criticism in which a book is analyzed
based on content, style, and merit.
Activity #1

 In a A4 size of bond paper make at least 5 examples of Primary and

Secondary sources.

*Justify your answer based on the given examples in the PowerPoint

Deadline: September 06, 2024