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Chapter 3,

This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics, covering fundamental concepts such as the states of matter, properties of fluids, and types of stress and strain. It discusses the applications of fluid mechanics in various fields and introduces key principles like Pascal's Principle and Bernoulli's Equation. Additionally, it explains the concepts of density, pressure, and buoyant forces in static and moving fluids.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views39 pages

Chapter 3,

This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics, covering fundamental concepts such as the states of matter, properties of fluids, and types of stress and strain. It discusses the applications of fluid mechanics in various fields and introduces key principles like Pascal's Principle and Bernoulli's Equation. Additionally, it explains the concepts of density, pressure, and buoyant forces in static and moving fluids.

Uploaded by

abenimandado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 39

ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

College of Natural Sciences


Department of Physics

CHAPTER THREE

FLUID MECHNICS

1 23/01/2025
3. INTRODUCTION
There are four known states of matter: Solids, Liquids, Gases, and
Plasmas.
Fluids are a phase of matter and include liquids and gases.
 Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of
fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or at rest (fluid statics) and the forces on
them
Understanding of the fundamental properties of these different states of matter is
important in all the sciences, in engineering, and in medicine
In the Universe at large, plasmas-systems of charged particles interacting
electromagnetically are the most common.
 In our environment on Earth, solids, liquids, and gases predominate of matter.
2 23/01/2025
cont.

In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied


stress(pressure), or external force.
This study area deals with many and diversified problems such as surface tension,
fluid statics, flow in enclose bodies, or flow round bodies (solid or otherwise), flow
stability, etc.
The applications of fluid mechanics are enormous: breathing, blood flow,
swimming, pumps, fans, turbines, airplanes, ships, rivers, windmills, pipes,
missiles, icebergs, engines, filters, jets, and sprinklers, to name a few .
3.1. Properties of Bulk Matter
Elastic materials: are materials that regain their original shape and size when the
deforming force is removed.
Elastic deformation is a reversible deformation by a force applied within the
elastic limit.
Beyond elastic limit, a force applied on an object causes permanent and
irreversible deformation called plastic deformation.
Plastics materials: do not regain their original shape and size when the
deforming force is removed.
The elastic properties of solid materials are described in terms of stress and
Stress
Stress is the force per unit area that is causing some deformation on an object.
It has SI unit N/m2 called the Pascal (Pa),
the same as the unit of pressure.
Strain-Measures the amount of deformation by the applied stress and defined as
the change in configuration of a body divided by its initial configuration.

Strain is unit less quantity.


Types of stress and strain
There are three kinds of stress and strains:
1. Tensile stress and Strain:
Tensile stress; defined as the ratio of the force
magnitude F⊥ to the cross-sectional area A

Tensile Strain: is the fractional change in length of


an object See fig (b)

6 23/01/2025
2. Shear Stress and Strain

 its type of deformation occurs when an object is subjected to a force


parallel to one of its faces while the opposite face is held fixed by another
force.
 The stress in this case is called a shear stress.
 no change in volume occurs with this deformation

Shear strain is defined as the ratio x/h, where x is the horizontal distance that
the sheared face moves and h is the height of the object
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3. Volume Stress and Strain
When the deforming force or applied force acts from all dimension resulting
in the change of volume of the object then such stress in called volumetric
stress or Bulk stress.
 In short, when the volume of body changes due to the deforming force it is
termed as Volume stress.

8 23/01/2025
Cont…

Question: List out the effect of


deforming force?

9 23/01/2025
Answ
er
The deforming force can change in:
Shape
Volume
Size of the object(length)
Elastic Modulus
 The stress will be proportional to the strain if the stress is sufficiently small.
In this regard, the proportionality constant known as elastic modulus depends
on the material being deformed and on the nature of the deformation.
stress = elastic modulus × strain
 Analogous to Hooke‘s law ( F=-kX)

 The elastic modulus is analogous to a spring constant

Corresponding to the three types of stress and strains, there


are three types of elastic module.
11 23/01/2025
1.Young‘s Modulus (Y) (Elasticity in
Length)
Is the ratio of the tensile stress to the tensile strain
 It measures the resistance of a solid to a change in its length
 typically used to characterize a rod or wire stressed
under either tension or compression.
 Y has units of force per unit area
 Y is the constant of proportionality,
called Young’s modulus.

12 23/01/2025
Shear Modulus (S)
tis the ratio of shear stress to shear strain
 it is the measure of the resistance to motion of the planes within a solid
parallel to each other
 the unit of shear modulus (S) is the ratio of the force to that
for area

 Strain Energy is energy stored in a stretched wire. If x is the stretch due to


applied force F

13 23/01/2025
3. Bulk Modulus (Volume elasticity) (B)

it measures the resistance of solids or liquids to changes in their volume


 is the ratio of the volume stress to the volume strain

Note that a negative sign is included in this defining equation so


that B is always positive. An increase in pressure (positive ∆P)
causes a decrease in volume negative ∆V) and vice versa.

14 23/01/2025
Example: Suppose that the tension in the cable is 940 N as the actor reaches the
lowest point. What diameter should a 10-m-long steel wire have if we do not want it
to stretch more than 0.5 cm under these conditions?
Questions
1. To increase the length by 0.5 mm of a steel wire of length 2 m and area of cross-
section 2 mm2, then find the force required, and use
Density and Pressure in Static Fluids
The density of an object having uniform composition is its mass M divided by
its volume V: with SI unit

Specific Gravity (SG): is the ratio of the density of the substance to the
density of another substance which is taken as a standard.
The density of pure water at is usually taken as the standard
and this has been defined to be exactly .
Specific gravity is a dimensionless quantity and the same in
any system of measurement

18 23/01/2025
Cont..
 Pressure is the ratio of the force acting perpendicular to s surface to the surface area (A) on
which the force acts. SI unit of pressure is N/m2 called Pascal (Pa). Another commonly used
pressure unit is atmosphere (atm) equal to 101.3 kPa

The pressure produced by the column of fluid of height h and density is


given by

The density of liquids and solids is considered to be constant. In reality, the


density of a liquid
will increase slightly with increasing depth
Note that:
 All points at same level in a fluid have same pressure.
 Fluid pressure increases with increase in the depth of the fluid.
 Fluid pressure does not depend on the shape of the container
Example: A solid sphere made of wood has a radius of 0.1 m. The mass of the sphere is
1.0 kg. Determine a) density and b) specific gravity of the wood.
Solution
.
Atmospheric Pressure:
 is the pressure due to the weight of the atmosphere exerted
on the surface of the Earth
 Atmospheric pressure decreases with increase in altitude as a
result of decrease in the density of the air.
Gauge pressure: is the difference in pressure between a
system and the surrounding atmosphere
 Absolute Pressure (total pressure): is thus the sum of gauge
pressure and atmospheric pressure:
In most cases the absolute pressure in fluids cannot be negative
The simplest way to explain the difference between the two is that absolute
pressure uses absolute zero as its zero point, while gauge pressure uses
atmospheric pressure as its zero point. Due to varying atmospheric pressure,
21 23/01/2025
gauge pressure measurement is not precise, while absolute pressure is always
Example: A submerged wreck is located 18.3 m beneath the surface of the ocean off the
coast of South Florida. Determine the a) gauge pressure and b) absolute pressure on a
scuba diver who is exploring the wreck. Note: the density of sea water is 1025.
Buoyant Forces, Pascal’s Principle
Pascal’s Principle

Sates that the pressure applied to a confined fluid in a container is transmitted


equally to all regions of the fluid and to the walls of the container.

23 23/01/2025
Application of Pascal‘s principle
For example: input and output pistons
the hydraulic press (see figure),  According to Pascal‘s principle, these
 A downward force F1 is applied to a two pressures are equal implying:
small piston of area A1.

 The pressure is transmitted through a


fluid to a larger piston of area A2

 As the pistons move and the fluids in


the left and right cylinders change
their relative heights, there are slight
differences in the pressures at the
24 23/01/2025
Buoyant forces and Archimedes' principle

 A fundamental principle affecting objects submerged in fluids was


discovered by Greek mathematician and natural philosopher Archimedes.
Archimedes’ principle can be stated as follows:

“Any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force


with magnitude equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object”.

It’s instructive to compare the forces on a totally submerged object with those
on a floating object. 23/01/2025
25
Case I: A Totally Submerged Object
When an object is totally submerged in a fluid of density , the upward buoyant force
acting on the object has a magnitude of where is the volume of the object. If the
object has density , the downward gravitational force acting on the object has a
magnitude equal to and the net force on it is
If the density of the object is less than the density of the fluid the net force exerted on
the object is positive the object accelerates upward
If the density of the object is greater than the density of the fluid,
the net force is negative and the object accelerates downwards.

26
Case II: A Floating Object
Now consider a partially submerged object in static equilibrium
floating in a fluid, In this case, the upward buoyant force is balanced
by the downward force of gravity acting on the object. The magnitude
of buoyance force given by and
the weight of the object but follows that or

27
Cont….

28 23/01/2025
Moving Fluids and Bernoulli Equations (Fluid Dynamics)
When a fluid is in motion, its flow can be characterized in one
of two ways.
1. The flow is said to be streamline, or laminar
if every particle that passes a particular point moves along
exactly the same smooth path followed by previous particles
passing that point
Different streamlines can’t cross each other under this
steady-flow condition, and the streamline at any point
coincides with the direction of the velocity of the fluid at that
point
Factors affecting laminar flow are;
density, compressibility,
temperature and
29 23/01/2025
.

In contrast, the flow of a fluid becomes irregular, or turbulent


above a certain velocity or under any conditions that
can cause abrupt changes in velocity. Irregular motions
of the fluid, called eddy currents, are characteristic in
turbulent flow

30
.

Many features of fluid motion can be understood by considering the behavior of


an ideal fluid, which satisfies the following conditions:
1. The fluid is nonviscous, which means there is no internal friction force
between adjacent layers.
2. The fluid is incompressible, which means its density is constant.
3. The fluid motion is steady, meaning that the velocity, density, and pressure
at each point in the fluid don’t change with time.
4. The fluid moves without turbulence(irrational). This implies that each
element of the fluid has zero angular velocity about its center, so there can’t be
any eddy currents present in the moving fluid. A small wheel placed in the
fluid would translate but not rotate

31
Equation of continuity
As show in fig represents a fluid flowing through a pipe of non-
uniform size. The
particles in the fluid move along the streamlines in steady-state
flow. In a small time interval , the fluid entering the bottom end
of the pipe moves a distance, .
 is the cross-sectional area in this region, then the mass contained in the
bottom . Similarly, the fluid that moves out of the upper end of
the pipe in the same time interval has a mass of
. However, because mass is conserved and because the flow is steady or
for the case of incompressible fluid
There fore the above equation become
known as equation of continuity
32
.

the amount (either mass or volume) of fluid flowing through a cross section of the
tube in a given time interval must be the same for all cross sections or
the product of the area and the fluid speed at all points along a tube is constant for
an incompressible fluid
Therefore, the speed is high where the tube is constricted and low where the tube
has a larger diameter.
The product , which has dimensions of volume per unit time, is called the flow
rate

33
Bernoulli’s Equation
As a fluid moves through a pipe of varying cross section and elevation, the pressure
changes along the pipe.
Bernoulli’s equation is not a freestanding law of physics; rather, it’s a
consequence of energy conservation as applied to an ideal fluid
Consider the flow through a non-uniform pipe in the time , as in Fig. The force
on the lower end of the fluid is where P1 is the pressure at the lower end. The
work done on the lower end of the fluid by
the fluid behind it is
In a similar manner, he work done on the fluid on the
Upper portion in the time is

The
34
volume is the same because by the equation of continuity
.

The work is negative because the force on the fluid at the top is opposite its
displacement. The net work done by these forces in the time is

Part of this work goes into changing the fluid’s kinetic energy, and part goes into
changing the gravitational potential energy of the fluid–Earth system
If is the mass of the fluid passing through the pipe in the time interval , then the
change in kinetic energy of the volume of fluid is

The change in the gravitational potential energy is

there fore changes the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the non-
isolated
35
system,
The three terms in this equation are those we have just evaluated. Substituting expressions for each of
the terms gives

If we divide each term by and recall that , this expression becomes

Rearrange the terms as follows:

This is Bernoulli’s equation, often expressed as

known as
Bernoulli’s equation

Bernoulli’s equation states that the sum of the pressure the kinetic energy per unit
volume and the potential energy per unit volume, , has the same value at all points
36
along a streamline.
.

37
.

38
Question

What is the difference


between
Stress and Pressure?

39

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