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3-Biological Classification @

The document outlines the biological classification system, which organizes living organisms into hierarchical categories such as Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. It details the characteristics of various kingdoms, including Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista, as well as the classification of vertebrates and invertebrates within the Animalia kingdom. Additionally, it introduces the binomial nomenclature system developed by Carolus Linnaeus for naming species.

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24 views43 pages

3-Biological Classification @

The document outlines the biological classification system, which organizes living organisms into hierarchical categories such as Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. It details the characteristics of various kingdoms, including Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista, as well as the classification of vertebrates and invertebrates within the Animalia kingdom. Additionally, it introduces the binomial nomenclature system developed by Carolus Linnaeus for naming species.

Uploaded by

Aslam Mazhar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BIOLOGICAL

CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
• The process of organizing living things is called CLASSIFICATION .
• Scientists classify organisms by their structure and how closely
related they are. They arrange them into groups and categories based
on the features they have in common.
Classification Hierarchy
TAXONOMISTS, scientists who classify organisms, developed categories
to organize every discovered organism.
Categories : are DOMAIN, KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS,
ORDER ,FAMILY ,GENUS, and SPECIES.
• The order of categories
from the broadest (at
the top) to the most
specific (at the bottom)
DOMAIN
• Highest rank
• Broadest of all
categories.
• Domain divides all life-
forms into three
categories.
1. Eukarya
2. Bacteria
3. Archaea
KINGDOM
• second-highest rank in the classification system.
• It is divided into six groups:
1. Archaebacteria,
2. Eubacteria,
3. Protista,
4. Fungi,
5. Plantae,
6. Animalia
Organisms within each kingdom have different characteristics from organisms
in the other kingdoms.
1-ARCHAEBACTERIA
• From the Archaea domain
• Single-celled organisms
• Live in extreme environments: hot, toxic,
acidic, or salty
2-EUBACTERIA
• From the Bacteria domain
• Single-celled organisms
• Live everywhere that archaebacteria don’t
3- kingdom from Eukarya
domain
Plantae
• Also known as the PLANT KINGDOM
• From the Eukarya domain
• Multicellular organisms
• Earth’s primary producers of oxygen.
ANIMALIA
• Also known as the ANIMAL KINGDOM
• From the Eukarya domain
• Multicellular organisms
• Breathe oxygen during the process of
metabolism
FUNGI
• From the Eukarya domain
• single-celled or multicellular
organisms
• Visible Fruiting bodies: reproduction
• Decomposers (break down and
recycle nutrients back to
environment).
• Mainly live in soil
PROTISTA
•From the Eukarya domain
•Small in size
•Single-celled or multicellular organisms
•Can be similar to Fungi, Plantae, or Animalia
kingdoms in behavior and structure
1. Eukaryotic Nature: nucleus
2.membrane-bound organelles
such as mitochondria and
endoplasmic reticulum.
3.Reproduction: sexually and
asexually,
4.nutrient cycling, similar to plants.
Phylum
• kingdoms are broad categories and each kingdom is
further divided into various different phyla.
• Organisms in different phyla (plural of phylum) have different traits
from one another.
• In the Animalia Kingdom,
there are many phyla. These
phyla are divided into two
categories:

1. VERTEBRATES-have a
backbone (for protection and
mobility); make up 3 percent
of all phyla in the Animalia
kingdom.
Examples: mammals, fish,
amphibians, birds, reptiles
2- INVERTEBRATES-have no
backbone; make up 97 percent
of all phyla in the Animalia
kingdom.
Examples: anthropods (lobsters,
crabs, insects, spiders), mollusks,
worm
CHORDATA(ani
mal phyla)
• Because vertebrates have so
few organisms in comparison to
invertebrates, they have their
own phylum: CHORDATA.
CHORDATA(animal phyla)
Features in common
• All CHORDATES (organisms in the Chordata group) have these features
at some point in their lives:
1-Pharyngeal slits -openings that connect the inside of the throat to the
outside, the neck; sometimes develop into gills.
2-dorsal nerve cord dorsal nerve cord-runs down the back of the animal,
connecting the brain with muscles and other organs.
3-notochord-a rod running beneath the nerve cord and supporting it.
4- post-anal tail-a section of the body that extends beyond the anus, used
for movement.
In many vertebrates (like humans) some of these features appear only
during the embryonic stage (before the organism is born)
CLASS
Organisms classified as Chordata are separated further into
groups, called CLASSES.
• There are seven classes in chordata phyla:
1. agnatha (jawless),
2. chondrichthyes (cartilaginous),
3. osteichthyes (bony);
4. Amphibia (amphibians)
5. Reptilia (reptiles)
6. Aves (birds)
7. Mammalia (mammals)
Classes in phyla chordata
Agnatha (jawless):
• This class includes
jawless fish, such as
lampreys and hagfish.
Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous):
• This class comprises
cartilaginous fish,
including sharks, rays,
and chimaeras
Classes in phyla chordata
Osteichthyes (bony):
• bony fish, such as tuna,
salmon, and trout

Amphibia
(amphibians):
• live both in water and on
land, such as frogs,
toads, salamanders, and
newts.
Classes in phyla chordata
Reptilia (reptiles):
This class comprises reptiles, such
as snakes, lizards, turtles,
crocodiles, and alligators.
Aves (birds):
This class includes birds,
characterized by their feathers,
beaks, and ability to lay hard-
shelled eggs.
Classes in phyla chordata
.
Mammalia (mammals):
• body hair or fur,
• mammary glands for
nursing their young, and
• a neocortex region(cognitive
processes) in the brain.
ORDER
Each class has different groups of animals. These
groups are called ORDERS.
• For example, Primates(primates order) are an
order within the Mammalia class.
• Members: apes, gorillas, orangutans, lemurs, and
baboons.
Features in common
• large brains compared to their body weight,
• flat nails on their fingers instead of claws,
• demonstrate social organization.
FAMILY

• FAMILY is the subgroup of order.


• 16 families within the Primates order.
• One of the Primate families is the HOMINIDAE, also
known as the “great apes.”
• Features in common: large body size, no tail, and eat
both plants and other animals.
• Gorillas and orangutans are part of the Hominidae family.
• recognize themselves in mirrors. This type of self-
awareness is only possible in complex brains.
GENUS
There are four genera (plural of
genus) in the Hominidae family:
• Homo-humans
• Pongo-orangutans
• gorilla (genus name is Gorilla)
• Pan-chimpanzees and bonobos
Features of Homo-genus
• walk primarily on two legs,
• make tools to solve problems,
• well-developed opposable thumbs.
Homo comes from the Latin word homonis, which means “human
being.” Only humans exist in this genus.
SPECIES
• smallest and most specific unit of classification.
• Species are groups of organisms with similar characteristics that are able to reproduce
only with one another and produce fertile offsprings. For example, humans can
reproduce only with other humans.
• There were once three species within the Homo genus:
1. the habilis,
2. the erectus,
3. the sapiens.
• Now only one-the sapiens (Modern humans )
• This species is separated from the other species by the size of its skull, which developed
to protect its large brain. Sapiens are capable of making advanced tools for both
survivability and entertainment.
Binomial Nomenclature
• CAROLUS LINNAEUS’s system
• Linnaeus’s system, is called BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE. This just
means “a name with two terms.”
• first word= genus, which is the smallest group of similar species,
second = species itself.
• Binomial nomenclature is sort of like a first and last name-one is more
specific than the other.
• Binomial nomenclature helps scientists from all over the world know
which organisms have which characteristics.
Examples of binomial nomenclature system:
• humans = Homo sapiens
• dogs = Canis familiaris
• cats = Felis catus
Families of primates order
• Hominidae: Includes great apes and humans.
• Cercopithecidae: Comprises Old World monkeys such as baboons,
macaques, and guenons.
• Callitrichidae: Encompasses New World monkeys like marmosets and
tamarins.
• Lemuridae: Includes various species of lemurs found exclusively in
Madagascar.
• Lorisidae: Comprises lorises and pottos, nocturnal primates known for
their slow movements.
• Atelidae: Encompasses New World monkeys like howler monkeys, spider
monkeys, woolly monkeys, and muriquis.
• Hylobatidae: Includes gibbons and siamangs, known as the lesser apes,
characterized by their brachiation in the forest canopy.

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