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05 Lecture Outline

Chapter 5 focuses on applying Newton's laws, covering topics such as equilibrium, acceleration, friction, and circular motion. It provides problem-solving strategies, including the use of free-body diagrams and the relationships between forces and motion. Additionally, it discusses the nature of friction, fluid resistance, and the fundamental forces of nature.

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Marco Pazmiño
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8 views

05 Lecture Outline

Chapter 5 focuses on applying Newton's laws, covering topics such as equilibrium, acceleration, friction, and circular motion. It provides problem-solving strategies, including the use of free-body diagrams and the relationships between forces and motion. Additionally, it discusses the nature of friction, fluid resistance, and the fundamental forces of nature.

Uploaded by

Marco Pazmiño
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5

Applying Newton’s Laws

PowerPoint® Lectures for


University Physics, 14th Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman Lectures by Jason Harlow
© 2016 Pearson Education Inc.
Goals for Chapter 5

- To use Newton’s first law for bodies in


equilibrium
- To use Newton’s second law for
accelerating bodies
- To study the types of friction and fluid
resistance
- To solve problems involving circular
motion
Introduction

- We’ll extend the problem-solving skills we began to


develop in Chapter 4.
- We’ll start with equilibrium, in which a body is at rest or
moving with constant velocity.
- Next, we’ll study objects that are not in equilibrium and
deal with the relationship between forces and motion.
- We’ll analyze the friction force that acts when a body
slides over a surface.
- We’ll analyze the forces on a body in circular motion at
constant speed.
Problem-solving strategy

• Identify the relevant concept: You must use Newton’s first


law.
• Set up the problem by using the following steps:
1. Draw a sketch of the physical situation.
2. Identify forces that act on the body by contact or in any other
way. If the mass is given, use w = mg to find the weight.
3. Draw a free-body diagram for each body.
4. Check that you have only included forces that act on the body.
5. Choose your x-and y- coordinate axes for each body and
include them in your free-body diagram.

© 2016 Pearson Education Inc.


Problem-solving strategy

• Execute the solution as follows:


1. Find the components of each force along the coordinate axes.
2. Find the sum of all x-components of forces.
In a separate equation, find the sum of all y-components.
3. For each body, write a separate equation for each component of
Newton’s first or second law.
4. If there are two or more bodies, repeat all of the above steps for
each body. If the bodies interact with each other, use Newton’s
third law to relate the forces they exert on each other.
• Evaluate your answer.
One-dimensional equilibrium: Tension in a massless rope
Example 5.1
A gymnast hangs from the end of a massless rope.
One-dimensional equilibrium: Tension in a rope with mass

Example 5.2
Two-dimensional equilibrium
Example 5.4
A car on an inclined plane
Bodies connected by a cable and pulley
A cart is connected to a bucket by a cable passing over a pulley.
The weight of cart and block is w1. the weight of bucket is w2.
how must the weights w1 and w2 be related in order for the
system to move at a constant speed. Ignore friction in the pulley
and wheels. Ignore mass of cable.
A note on free-body diagrams

• does not belong in a free-body diagram.

© 2016 Pearson Education Inc.


A note on free-body diagrams

• Correct free-body diagram

© 2016 Pearson Education Inc.


Straight-line motion with constant force
Example 5.6
Straight-line motion with friction
Example 5.7.
For the ice boat in the previous example, a constant
horizontal friction force of 100N now opposes its motion.
What constant force Fw must the wind exerts on the
iceboat to cause the same constant acceleration ?
Tension in an elevator cable
Example 5.8
Apparent weight in an accelerating elevator
Example 5.9.

A woman(50.0kg) inside the elevator of the previous example


is standing on a scale. What’s the reading on the scale?
Apparent weight and apparent weightlessness
• When a passenger with mass m rides in an elevator with
y-acceleration ay, a scale shows the passenger’s apparent weight
to be:
n = m(g + ay)
• The extreme case occurs when
the elevator has a downward
acceleration ay = −g — that is,
when it is in free fall.
• In that case n = 0 and the
passenger seems to be weightless.
• Similarly, an astronaut orbiting the
earth with a spacecraft experiences
apparent weightlessness.
Acceleration down a hill
Example 5.10.
Two bodies with the same magnitude of acceleration

Example 5.12
Frictional forces

• Friction between two surfaces arises from interactions


between molecules on the surfaces.

© 2016 Pearson Education Inc.


Frictional forces

• When a body rests or slides on a surface, the friction force is


parallel to the surface.
Static friction followed by kinetic friction:

• Before the box slides, static friction acts. But once it starts to
slide, kinetic friction acts.

© 2016 Pearson Education Inc.


Static friction followed by kinetic friction:

• Before the box slides, static friction acts. But once it starts to
slide, kinetic friction acts.

© 2016 Pearson Education Inc.


Static friction followed by kinetic friction:

• Before the box slides, static friction acts. But once it starts to
slide, kinetic friction acts.
Kinetic and static friction

• Kinetic friction acts when a body slides over a surface.


• The kinetic friction force is fk = µkn.
• Static friction acts when there is no relative motion
between bodies.
• The static friction force can vary between zero and its
maximum value: fs ≤ µsn.

© 2016 Pearson Education Inc.


Some approximate coefficients of friction

© 2016 Pearson Education Inc.


Static friction and windshield wipers
• The squeak of windshield wipers on dry glass is a stick-slip
phenomenon.
• The moving wiper blade sticks to the glass momentarily, then
slides when the force applied to the blade by the wiper motor
overcomes the maximum force of static friction.
• When the glass is wet from
rain or windshield cleaning
solution, friction is reduced
and the wiper blade doesn’t
stick.

© 2016 Pearson Education Inc.


Friction in horizontal motion

Example 5.13
Static friction can be less than the maximum

• Static friction only has its maximum value just before the box
“breaks loose” and starts to slide.
Pulling a crate at an angle
Motion on a slope having friction
Toboggan accelerating

Example 5.17

• Consider the toboggan on a steeper hill, so it is now


accelerating.
Fluid resistance
Fluid resistance and terminal speed
Dynamics of circular motion

• If a particle is in uniform circular motion, both its


acceleration and the net force on it are directed toward the
center of the circle.
• The net force on the
particle is Fnet = mv2/R.

© 2016 Pearson Education Inc.


What if the string breaks?

• If the string breaks, no net


force acts on the ball, so it
obeys Newton’s first law and
moves in a straight line.

Page 151

© 2016 Pearson Education Inc.


Avoid using “centrifugal force”

• Figure (a) shows the correct


free-body diagram for a body
in uniform circular motion.
• Figure (b) shows a common
error.
• In an inertial frame of
reference, there is no such
thing as “centrifugal force.”

© 2016 Pearson Education Inc.


A conical pendulum

• A bob of mass m at the end of a thin wire of length L, moves


in a horizontal circle with constant speed v, with the wire
making a fixed angle β with the vertical direction. Find the
tension in the wire and the period.
A car rounds a flat curve
Example 5.21
A car rounds a banked curve

Example 5.22.
It is possible to bank a curve just at the right angle so that no
fiction at all is need to maintain the car’s turning radius. For a
car with speed v to safely make a turn even with no friction, at
what angle should a curve be banked?
The fundamental forces of nature
• According to current understanding, all forces are
expressions of four distinct fundamental forces:
- gravitational interactions
- electromagnetic interactions
- the strong interaction
- the weak interaction

• Physicists have taken steps to unify all interactions into a


theory of everything.

© 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

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