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CH 5

The document defines procedures in programming, explaining their types: Near and Far procedures, and the associated directives PROC and ENDP. It details the CALL and RET instructions used to invoke and return from procedures, outlining the operations for both Near and Far calls. The document emphasizes the importance of these instructions in managing execution flow within software programs.

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17 views

CH 5

The document defines procedures in programming, explaining their types: Near and Far procedures, and the associated directives PROC and ENDP. It details the CALL and RET instructions used to invoke and return from procedures, outlining the operations for both Near and Far calls. The document emphasizes the importance of these instructions in managing execution flow within software programs.

Uploaded by

bansalhemant
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 5

Procedure and Macro


Define procedure : A procedure is group of instructions that usually performs one
task. It is a reusable section of a software program which is stored in memory once but
can be used as often as necessary.

A procedure can be of two types. 1) Near Procedure 2) Far Procedure

Near Procedure:
A procedure is known as NEAR procedure if is written(defined) in the same code
segment which is calling that procedure. Only Instruction Pointer(IP register) contents
will be changed in NEAR procedure.

FAR procedure :
A procedure is known as FAR procedure if it is written (defined) in the different code
segment than the calling segment. In this case both Instruction Pointer(IP) and the
Code Segment(CS) register content will be changed.
Directives used for procedure :

PROC directive:
 The PROC directive is used to identify the start of a procedure. The PROC
directive follows a name given to the procedure.
 After that the term FAR and NEAR is used to specify the type of the
procedure.

ENDP Directive:
 This directive is used along with the name of the procedure to indicate the end
of a procedure to the assembler.
 The PROC and ENDP directive are used to bracket a procedure.
CALL instruction and RET instruction :

CALL instruction :
 The CALL instruction is used to transfer execution to a procedure.
 It performs two operation.
 When it executes, first it stores the address of instruction after the CALL instruction
on the stack .
 Second it changes the content of IP register in case of Near call and changes the
content of IP register and cs register in case of FAR call.

There are two types of calls


1)Near Call or Intra segment call.
2) Far call or Inter Segment call
Operation for Near Call :

 When 8086 executes a near CALL instruction, it decrements the stack pointer by 2
and copies the IP register contents on to the stack.

 Then it copies address of first instruction of called procedure.


SP  SP-2
IP  stores onto stack
IP  starting address of a procedure.
Operation of FAR CALL:
 When 8086 executes a far call, it decrements the stack pointer by 2 and copies the
contents of CS register to the stack.
 It the decrements the stack pointer by 2 again and copies the content of IP register to
the stack.
 Finally it loads cs register with base address of segment having procedure and IP with
address of first instruction in procedure

SP  SP-2
CS contents  stored on stack
SP  SP-2
IP contents  stored on stack
CS  Base address of segment having procedure
IP  address of first instruction in procedure.
RET instruction :
 The RET instruction will return execution from a procedure to the next instruction after call in the
main program.
 At the end of every procedure RET instruction must be executed.

Operation for Near Procedure :


For NEAR procedure ,the return is done by replacing the IP register with a address popped off from
stack and then SP will be incremented by 2.
IP  Address from top of stack
SP  SP+2

Operation for FAR procedure :


IP register is replaced by address popped off from top of stack, then SP will be incremented by 2.The
CS register is replaced with a address popped off from top of stack. Again SP will be incremented by 2.
IP  Address from top of stack
SP  SP+2
CS  Address from top of stack
SP  SP+2

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