KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Dhulikhel, Kavrepalchowk, Nepal

MSTR501
Advance Structure Analysis
M.E IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

PRESENTE BY: PRESENTED TO:

Bibek Bhusal ER. Kameshwar Sahani
Anubhav Chaurasiya Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Aryan Kumar Shah
M.E IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
“Analysis Of Frame Structure (2D and 3D) By Direct Stiffness
Matrix Method Using Analytical And Codal Method ”

Present by: Bibek Bhusal , Anubhav Chaurasiya and Aryan Kumar Shah
Table of Content:
• Introduction
• Objective
• Literature Review
• Methodology
• Results
• Conclusions
• References
 Introduction
• Framed structures are composed of straight members whose lengths are significantly larger
than their cross-sectional dimensions.
• Plane truss, beam , Plane frame, space truss, grid and space frame.
• In this Presentation, we mainly concerned with 3D and 2D frame.
• As we all know, the frame structures are analyzed by the two matrix methods.
Flexibility method
Direct stiffness method
• But in this topic or exercise, we talk about the stiffness method.
 Stiffness Matrix Method Flexibility Method
Definition:
Definition:  Also known as the force or compatibility method, it is a matrix-based
 Analyzes framed structures by focusing on joint displacements.
extension of the classical method of consistent deformations.
Primary Unknowns:
 Joint displacements. Primary Unknowns:
 Redundant forces are the main unknowns in this method.
Procedure:
 Solve Equilibrium Equations: Determine joint displacements. Procedure:
 Solve Compatibility Equations: Determine redundant forces by solving
 Calculate Member Forces: Use compatibility considerations and
compatibility equations.
member force–displacement relations once displacements are  Calculate Displacements: Using equilibrium equations and member
known.
force–displacement relations, evaluate displacements once redundant
forces are known.
Advantages:
 Systematic: Provides a structured analysis method.
 Computer Implementation: Suitable for large, redundant structures; Advantages:
 Suitability: Convenient for analyzing small structures with few
easily implemented on computers.
 Commercial Software: Basis for most structural analysis software. redundants.
 Stiffness Method Foundation: Establishes member force-displacement
relations, which are essential for developing the stiffness method.
Application:
 Preferred for complex structures due to its systematic approach and
Application:
computational ease.  Typically used for small-scale analyses or as an initial step in
developing the stiffness method.
 Objective
 Understand Basic Principles
Grasp fundamental principles of matrix analysis for framed structures.

 Theory and Implementation

Learn the theoretical framework and practical implementation for static equilibrium analysis.

 Computer Implementation
Develop and use software for accurate analysis.

 Simplify Models
Create practical models for analysis.

 Apply Flexibility and Stiffness

Use these methods within the matrix framework.

 Understand Analysis Types

Differentiate between linear and nonlinear analysis.

 Developing Computer Programs

Enable engineers to create their own structural analysis programs.

 Using Commercial Software

Equip engineers to effectively use commercially available structural analysis software.
 Literature Review

 Matrix Analysis: The book focuses on the stiffness approach for the linear analysis of two- and
three-dimensional framed structures in static equilibrium, with an introduction to nonlinear analysis.

 Structural Models: It emphasizes the importance of developing accurate analytical models,

representing real structures for analysis by simplifying details without compromising key
characteristics.

 Computational Approach: The text integrates computer programming early on, enabling students
to develop and verify their own computer programs for structural analysis.

 Educational Structure: Each chapter begins with objectives, includes step-by-step procedures,
flowcharts, solved examples, and concludes with a summary to aid in learning.
 Analytical Model in Structural
Engineering
 Purpose: Simplifies analysis of complex structures, focusing on key behavioral
characteristics.

 Representation: Line diagram with members depicted as lines, omitting details like
dimensions and connection sizes.

 Joint Representation: Rigid joints shown as points, hinged joints as small circles,
each identified by a number.

 Equilibrium Equations: Ensure structure remains stable under applied forces and
couples.

 Compatibility Conditions: Deformations of different parts of the structure must fit

together smoothly.

 Constitutive Relations: Describe stress-strain relationship based on material

properties.
 Methodology
1. Define the structure

2. Calculate element stiffness matrix

3. Assemble global stiffness matrix

4. Create force vector

5. Solve for nodal displacements

6. Calculate member forces and moments

7. Determine support reactions

8. Verify solution
 Plane Frame
- A two-dimensional assemblage of straight members.
- Connected by rigid and/or hinged connections.
- Subjected to in-plane loads and reactions.

Types of Forces:
- Members experience axial forces, bending moments, and shears.

Comparison with Trusses and Beams:

- Unlike plane trusses (mainly axial forces) and beams (mainly bending moments and shears), plane frames experience a
combination of these forces.

Stiffness Relations:
- Obtained by combining the stiffness relations of plane truss and beam members.

Connection Types:
- Typically rigid connections.
- Hinged connections are also used occasionally.
Step 1: Model the Structure
Identify the degrees of freedom (DOF) and restrained coordinates.

Step 2: Evaluate Structure Stiffness Matrix (S) and Fixed-Joint Force Vector (P f)
1. For each member:
- Calculate length and direction cosines.
- Compute member stiffness matrix (K) in global coordinates.
- Evaluate member fixed-end force vector (Ff) in global coordinates if the member is subjected to external loads.
- Store (K) and (Ff) in their proper positions in (S) and (P f).
2. Assemble stiffness coefficients of all members to form (S), ensuring it is symmetric.

Step 3: Form Joint Load Vector (P) if Applicable

Step 4: Determine Joint Displacements (d)
Solve the system of equations (P - Pf = Sd) for (d).

Step 5: Compute Member End Displacements, End Forces, and Support Reactions
1. For each member:
- Obtain member end displacements in global coordinates from (d).
- Determine member end displacements in local coordinates.
- Calculate member end forces in local coordinates.
- Transform member end forces to global coordinates.
- Store the relevant elements in the support reaction vector (R) if the member is attached to a support joint.
2. Check the calculation of member end forces and support reactions using equilibrium equations.
Member Global Stiffness Matrix K

Member Local Stiffness Matrix k Cordinate Transformation

 Space Frame
Definition:
- Three-dimensional assemblage of members.
- Can have rigid and/or flexible connections.

Loads and Forces:

- Members subjected to axial forces, bending moments, shears, and torsional
moments. Numbering Coordinates:
- Degrees of freedom numbered before restrained coordinates.
Assumptions for Analysis: - Translations numbered first, followed by rotations.
- Cross-sections are symmetric about two perpendicular axes.
- Members are free to warp under torsional moments. Local Coordinate System:
- Bending and torsional stiffnesses are uncoupled. - Local xyz system for each member.
- Origin at one end, x-axis along the member’s centroidal axis.
Analytical Model: - y and z axes oriented along symmetry axes of the cross-
- Global XYZ coordinate system used to describe geometry and loads. section.
- Joints have six degrees of freedom: translations and rotations in X, Y, and Z
directions.

Degrees of Freedom:
- Each joint can translate and rotate in any direction.
- Six structure coordinates per joint for analysis.
Coordinate system
Local coordinate system Global coordinate system
 Local member stiffness matrix

• The local member stiffness matrix of Plane frame is depends on axial deformation,
bending deformation and torsional deformation too.
• The local member stiffness matrix is also depends on member released conditions.
• The member released condition are;
1. MT=0; both end fixed
2. MT=1; member with a hinge at the beginning
3. MT=2, member with a hinge at the end
4. MT=3, member with a hinge at the both end
 MT=1 MT=2 MT=3
MT=0
Fixed end forces for different loading condition
Transformation matrix

rxX = cos θxX = (Xe – Xb)/L

rxY = cos θxY = (Ye – Yb)/L
rxZ = cos θxZ = (Ze – Zb)/L
 Member Stiffness Relationship in Global Coordinate System

• The relationships between the end forces F and the end displacements V, for the members of
space frames.
• Symbolically, F=K.V+Ff
• Where, F= member end forces in global coordinate system,12*1 vector
• K=global member stiffness matrix,12*12 matrix
• V=member end displacement 12*1 vector in global coordinate system
• Ff=member fixed end forces 12*1 vector in global coordinate system
• For the space frame, it would be 12*12 matrix and difficult to remember so , we use the our
mathematical relations for calculating the global member stiffness matrix
K=TT.k.T

Global fixed end forces

But for the space frame, it would be 12*1 matrix and difficult to remember so , we use the our
mathematical relations for calculating the global member stiffness matrix
Ff=TT.Qf
 Results
1. Model Preparation:
 Identify degrees of freedom and restrained coordinates.

2. Matrix Evaluation:
 Calculate member stiffness matrices (K) in global coordinates.
 Determine member fixed-end force vectors (Ff) in global coordinates.

3. Joint Loads (if applicable):

 Compute joint load vector (P).

4. Joint Displacements:
 Solve P - Pf = Sd for joint displacements (d).

5. Member Forces and Reactions:

 Compute member end displacements and forces.
 Determine support reactions.

6. Verification:
 Check member forces and support reactions for equilibrium.
Plane Frame
Space Frame
 Conclusions
 Systematic Analysis: The matrix stiffness method provides a systematic approach for analyzing
plane frames in structural engineering.

 Consistent Analysis Format: Stiffness method has a uniform format for all framed structures,
using correct member stiffness and transformations.

 Global Coordination: Transforming member stiffness to a global system ensures consistency

for differently oriented members.

 Analytical vs. Codal Methods: Both methods give similar results, but codal method is faster,
though it may lack depth of understanding.

 Flexibility vs. Stiffness: Stiffness method is better for solving joint deformations and loads,
especially in redundant structures.

 Torsional Effects: Space frames have torsional moments or deformations, unlike plane frames.

 Optimization and Safety: Engineers can optimize designs, ensure structural integrity, and meet
safety standards using this method
 References
• Aslam Kassimali, Matrix analysis of structures, second editions
• Willam Weaver,J.(1990),Matrix analysis of structure,Newwork: Van Nostrand Reinhold
• https://engineering.purdue.edu/~aprakas/CE474/CE474-Ch5-StiffnessMethod.pdf(2020/05/20)
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_stiffness_method(2020/05/20)
Thank You