Session 1 - Introduction

The document provides an introduction to the CSE4019 Image Processing course, detailing the syllabus, lecture schedule, and key topics such as the history of digital image processing, its significance, and various applications. It outlines the essential concepts of digital images, image processing techniques, and the key stages involved in the process. The course will cover both theoretical and practical aspects of digital image processing in subsequent sessions.

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Session 1 - Introduction

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CSE4019 Image Processing

Session 1 - Introduction

Dr.S.Geetha
Professor
School of Computing Science and
Engineering,
[email protected]
General Information
•Lectures:
– Mondays 4.45 pm to 5.30 pm
– Tuesdays 2.00 pm to 2.50 pm
– Thursdays 2.55 pm to 3.40 pm
•E-mail: [email protected]
•Phone : 9842550862
Books
Books
•“Fundamentals of Digital Image
Processing”, Anil K. Jain, Prentice Hall of
India, 1997.
•“Digital Image Processing”, William K.
Pratt, John Wiley, 4th Edition, 2007.
Syllabus – Unit I
• Image Basics
• Basic Steps of Image processing system
• Pixel relationship
• Image Transforms
• Image Enhancement
• Spatial filtering, Frequency Domain
filtering
• Image Segmentation
• Image Compression
Introduction

•“One picture is worth more than ten

thousand words”
•Anonymous
Contents
•This lecture will cover:
– History of digital image processing
– What is a digital image?
– What is digital image processing?
– Why is digital image processing needed?
– State of the art examples of digital
image processing
– Key stages in digital image processing
History of Digital Image
Processing
•Early 1920s: One of the first
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

applications of digital imaging was in

the news-
paper industry
– The Bartlane cable picture Early digital image
transmission service
– Images were transferred by submarine
cable between London and New York
– Pictures were coded for cable transfer and
reconstructed at the receiving end on a
telegraph printer
History of DIP (cont…)
•Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

the Bartlane system resulted in higher

quality images
– New reproduction
processes based
on photographic
techniques
– Increased number
Improved
of tones in digital image Early 15 tone digital
reproduced images image
History of DIP (cont…)
•1960s: Improvements in computing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

technology and the onset of the space

race led to a surge of work in digital
image processing
– 1964: Computers used to
improve the quality of
images of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
– Such techniques were used
in other space missions A picture of the moon taken
including the Apollo landingsby the Ranger 7 probe
minutes before landing
History of DIP (cont…)
•1970s: Digital image processing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

begins to be used in medical

applications
– 1979: Sir Godfrey N.
Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel
Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography,
the technology behind Typical head slice CAT
Computerised Axial image
Tomography (CAT) scans
History of DIP (cont…)
•1980s - Today: The use of digital image
processing techniques has exploded and
they are now used for all kinds of tasks in
all kinds of areas
– Image enhancement/restoration
– Artistic effects
– Medical visualisation
– Industrial inspection
– Law enforcement
– Human computer interfaces
What is Digital Image
Processing?
Processing of images which are digital
in nature by a digital computer
•Digital image processing focuses on three
major tasks
– Improvement of pictorial information for
human interpretation
– Processing of image data for storage,
transmission and representation for
autonomous machine perception
– Efficient storage and transmission
Human Perception
Focus: To enhance the pictorial
information in a digital image for
human interpretation and analysis
Typical applications:
• Noise Filtering
• Content Enhancement
– Contrast enhancement
– Deblurring (Reasons for Blurring – camera settings –
improper, lens – improper focussing, moving
platform, scene – object moving)
• Remote Sensing
Noise Filtering
Image Enhancement
•One of the most common uses of DIP
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

techniques: improve quality, remove

noise etc
Image Deblurring
The Hubble Telescope
•Launched in 1990 the Hubble
telescope can take images of
very distant objects
•However, an incorrect mirror
made many of Hubble’s
images useless
•Image processing
techniques were
used to fix this
Artistic Effects
•Artistic effects
are used to make
images more
visually
appealing, to add
special effects
and to make
composite
images
Medical Images
•Take slice from MRI scan of canine
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

heart, and find boundaries between

types of tissue
– Image with gray levels representing
tissue density
– Use a suitable filter to highlight edges

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

Medical Images
Remote Sensing Images GIS
•Geographic Information Systems
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

– Digital image processing techniques are

used extensively to manipulate satellite
imagery
– Terrain classification
– Meteorology
GIS (cont…)
•Night-Time Lights
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of the World data

set
– Global inventory of
human settlement
– Not hard to
imagine the kind
of analysis that
might be done
using this data
Atmosphere Study
Ozone Hole Formation
Astronomical Studies
Star Formation; Galaxy
Machine Vision Applications
Focus: To extract the image information
suitable for computer processing

Typical applications:
• Industrial machine vision for product
assembly and inspection
• Automated target detection and tracking
• Fingerprint recognition
• Machine processing of aerial and satellite
imagery for weather prediction and crop
assessment etc.,
Industrial Inspection
•Human operators are
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

expensive, slow and

unreliable
•Make machines do
the
job instead
•Industrial vision
systems
are used in all kinds of
industries
•Can we trust them?
PCB Inspection
•Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
– Machine inspection is used to determine
that all components are present and
that all solder joints are acceptable
– Both conventional imaging and x-ray
imaging are used
Law Enforcement
•Image processing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

techniques are used

extensively by law
enforcers
– Number plate
recognition for speed
cameras/automated
toll systems
– Fingerprint
recognition
– Enhancement of
CCTV images
HCI
•Try to make human
computer interfaces more
natural
– Face recognition
– Gesture recognition
•These tasks can be
extremely difficult
Video Sequence Processing
• Detection and Tracking of moving
targets for security surveillance
purpose
Image Compression
Focus :
To reduce the storage space on a disk and bandwidth
requirement during transmission
Image :
Information Content
Redundancy
Pixel redundancy
Coding redundancy
Psycho visual redundancy
Aim:
Remove redundancy and retain only the information content

Types:
Lossy compression (information content is also removed –
low quality)
Lossless compression (redundancy alone is removed – high
quality)
Image Compression Ratio
• 256 X 256 bytes =
64 KB

• 1:55 10KB

• 1:156 500
Bytes
What is a Digital Image?
•A digital image is a representation of
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

a two-dimensional image as a finite set

of digital values, called picture
elements or pixels
What is a Digital Image?
(cont…)
•Pixel values typically represent gray
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

levels, colours, heights, opacities etc

•Remember digitization implies that a
digital image is an approximation of a
real scene
1 pixel
What is a Digital Image?
(cont…)
•Common image formats include:
– 1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
– 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
– 4 samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and
“Alpha”, a.k.a. Opacity)

•For most of this course we will focus on

grey-scale images
Digital Image
• f(x,y)=r(x,y) * i(x,y)
• Spatial discretization
by grids (sampling)
• Intensity discretization
by quantization
• picture element or
pixel or pel
• Typical image size:
– 64 X 64, 128 X 128
– 256 X 256, 640 X 480
1024 X 1024
What is DIP? (cont…)
•The continuum from image processing
to computer vision can be broken up
into low-, mid- and high-level
processes
Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process
Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output: Understanding
Examples: Noise Examples: Object Examples: Scene
removal, image recognition, understanding,
sharpening segmentation autonomous navigation
Key Stages in Digital Image
Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement