Introduction to Internet of Things

• The Internet of things has become a very

widely spread concept in the last few
years.
• The reason for this is mainly the need to
computerize and control most of the
surrounding objects and have access to
data in real time.
• Example: Parking sensors, about phones
which can check the weather and so on
 Introduction to Internet of Things
• The Internet of things (IoT) is the inter-
networking of physical devices, vehicles (also
referred to as “connected devices” and “smart
devices”), buildings, and other items embedded
with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and
network connectivity which enable these objects
to collect and exchange data.
• Things-related services: The IoT is capable of
providing thing-related services within the
constraints of things, such as privacy protection
and semantic consistency between physical
things and their associated virtual things
 Introduction to Internet of Things

• Generally, sensors are used in the architecture of IOT devices.

• Sensors are used for sensing things and devices etc. A device that provides a usable output in
response to a specified measurement.
• The sensor attains a physical parameter and converts it into a signal suitable for processing (e.g.
electrical, mechanical, optical) the characteristics of any device or material to detect the presence of a
particular physical quantity. The output of the sensor is a signal which is converted to a human-
readable form like changes in characteristics, changes in resistance, capacitance, impedance, etc.
 Types of Sensor

• Electrical sensor
• Light sensor
• Touch sensor
• Range sensing
• proximity sensor
• Ultrasound sensor
• Optical sensor
• Speed Sensor
• Temperature Sensor
• Color Sensor
• Humidity Sensor
 Actuator
An actuator is a machine component or system that moves or controls the mechanism
of the system. Sensors in the device sense the environment, then control signals are
generated for the actuators according to the actions needed to perform. A servo motor is
an example of an actuator. They are linear or rotatory actuators, can move to a given
specified angular or linear position. We can use servo motors for IoT applications and
make the motor rotate to 90 degrees, 180 degrees, etc., as per our need.
Characteristics of Internet of Things
 Characteristics of Internet of Things
• Connectivity: This doesn’t need too much further explanation. With everything going on
in IoT devices and hardware, with sensors and other electronics and connected hardware
and control systems there needs to be a connection between various levels.
• Things: Anything that can be tagged or connected as such as it’s designed to be
connected. From sensors and household appliances to tagged livestock. Devices can
contain sensors or sensing materials can be attached to devices and items.
• Data: Data is the glue of the Internet of Things, the first step towards action and
intelligence.
• Communication: Devices get connected so they can communicate data and this data can
be analyzed. Communication can occur over short distances or over a long range to very
long range. Examples: Wi-Fi, LPWA network technologies such as LoRa.
 Characteristics of Internet of Things
• Intelligence. The aspect of intelligence as in the sensing capabilities in IoT devices and
the intelligence gathered from big data analytics (also artificial intelligence).
• Action. The consequence of intelligence. This can be manual action, action based upon
debates regarding phenomena (for instance in smart factory decisions) and automation,
often the most important piece.
• Ecosystem. The place of the Internet of Things from a perspective of other technologies,
communities, goals and the picture in which the Internet of Things fits. The Internet of
Everything dimension, the platform dimension and the need for solid partnerships.
 Physical Design of IoT
• The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and can
perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.
• IoT devices can:
Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly), or
Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends for processing
the data,
Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure, based on
temporal and space constraints
 Generic Block Diagram of IoT
• An IoT device may consist of
several interfaces for connections
to other devices, both wired and
wireless.
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interfaces for Internet
connectivity
• Memory and storage interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces.
 Generic Block Diagram of IoT
• HDMI: High definition multimedia Interface.
• 3.5mm: Audio Jack which headphone adapter.
• RCA: Radio corporation of America.
• UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter.
• SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface.
• I2C: Inter integrated circuit
• CAN: Controller Area Network used for Micro-controllers and devices to
communicate.
• SD: Secure digital (memory card)
• MMC: multimedia card
• SDIO: Secure digital Input Output
• GPU: Graphics processing unit.
• DDR: Double data rate
 Applications areas of IoT
• Smart Home: The smart home is one of the most popular applications of IoT. The cost
of owning a house is the biggest expense in a homeowner’s life. Smart homes are
promised to save the time, money and energy.
• Smart cities: The smart city is another powerful application of IoT. It includes smart
surveillance, environment monitoring, automated transformation, urban security, smart
traffic management, water distribution, smart healthcare etc.
• Wearables: Wearables are devices that have sensors and software installed which can
collect data about the user which can be later used to get the insights about the user.
They must be energy efficient and small sized.
 Applications areas of IoT

• Connected cars: A connected car is able to optimize its own operation, maintenance as
well as passenger’s comfort using sensors and internet connectivity.
• Smart retail: Retailers can enhance the in-store experience of the customers using IoT.
The shopkeeper can also know which items are frequently bought together using IoT
devices.
• Smart healthcare: People can wear the IoT devices which will collect data about user's
health. This will help users to analyze themselves and follow tailor-made techniques to
combat illness. The doctor also doesn't have to visit the patients in order to treat them.
 IoT in different domain : Smart Cities
The urbanization process has greatly improved people’s standard of living, providing
water supplies and sewerage systems, residential and office buildings, education and
health services and convenient transportation. The concentration of educated people in
cities helps to improve the industrial structure and promote production efficiency.
However, urbanization also creates new challenges and problems.
All these challenges and problems force citizens, governments and stakeholders to pay
attention to the environment and sustainable development of cities, and to try to find a
set of technical solutions to reduce these urban problems. The Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) revolution has offered people the opportunity to
reduce the scale of and/or solve urbanization issues.
With the help of mobile computing, users can access and process information anywhere,
and anytime, on all aspects of life. The urbanization, growth and associated problems of
modern cities, coupled with the rapid development of new ICT, has enabled us to first
envisage the ‘smart cities’ concept, and now to begin to build smart cities, which is seen
as the future form for cities.
IoT in different domain : Smart Cities
 IoT in different domain : Smart Cities
The new Internet of Things (IoT) applications are enabling Smart City initiatives
worldwide. It provides the ability to remotely monitor, manage and control devices, and to
create new insights and actionable information from massive streams of real-time data.
The Internet of Things is about installing sensors (RFID, IR, GPS, laser scanners, etc.) for
everything, and connecting them to the internet through specific protocols for information
exchange and communications, in order to achieve intelligent recognition, location,
tracking, monitoring and management.
With the technical support from IoT, smart city need to have three features of being
instrumented, interconnected and intelligent. Only then a Smart City can be formed by
integrating all these intelligent features at its advanced stage of IOT development.
So, when we talked about smart cities; what is it. So, in addition to the regular
infrastructure that is there in any city for example, the urban infrastructure consisting of
office buildings residential areas hospitals schools transportation police and so on you
also need something in addition to make the cities smart. So, what is this in addition let us
talk about. So, smart means what smart means that it is in terms of the services that are
given to the respective stake holders of these cities.
Possible IoT Use cases for Smart Cities
 Possible IoT Use cases for Smart Cities
• Smart parking
An IoT solution will permit monitoring the availability of parking spots in the
city. With the GPS data from drivers’ smartphones (or road-surface sensors in the
ground), smart parking solutions let the user know when the closest parking spot
becomes free to find a parking spot faster and easier instead of blindly driving around.
• Smart roads and smart traffic congestion management
Different IoT solutions will permit to monitor vehicle and pedestrian levels to
optimize driving and walking routes. The use of different types of sensors, as well as
GPS data from drivers’ smartphones will help to determine the number, location and the
speed of vehicles. Thanks to a cloud management platform which connects various traffic
lights, the city will be able to monitor green light timings and automatically alter the
lights based on the current traffic situation to prevent congestion. Better control of traffic
congestion will also help to improve air quality.
 Possible IoT Use cases for Smart Cities
• Smart public transport
With the help of IoT sensors, we can obtain data to learn about the patterns of
how citizens use public transport. Smart public transport solutions can combine multiple
sources, such as ticket sales and traffic information. The users could also use an app to
contact the authorities in case they spot incidents or suspicious activities.
• Smart street lighting
IoT-based smart cities allow better maintenance and control of street lamps.
Equipping streetlights with sensors and connecting them to a cloud management solution
makes them more straightforward and cost effective. With this system, the city can adapt
the lighting schedule to the lighting zone and weather conditions.
Smart waste management
Waste-collecting is another service that could be optimized with an IoT-enabled
solution by tracking waste levels, as well as providing route optimization and operational
analytics.
 IoT challenges for Smart Citites
• Infrastructure
Smart Cities utilize sensor technology to gather and analyze information in an effort to
improve the quality of life for residents. Sensors collect data on everything from rush hour stats
to crime rates to overall air quality. Complicated and costly infrastructure is involved in installing
and maintaining these sensors. How will they be powered? Will it involve hard-wiring, solar
energy, or battery operation? Or, in case of power failure, perhaps a combination of all three?
Funding for new infrastructure projects is limited and approval processes can take years.
Installing new sensors and other improvements cause temporary – though still frustrating –
problems for people living in these cities.
• Security and Hackers
As IoT and sensor technology use expands, so does the threat level to security. This begs
the question…is technology really considered “smart” if hackers can break into it and shut down
an entire city? Recent discussion involving cyber-terror threats to vulnerable and outdated power
grids has everyone a bit more concerned and skeptical about technology and security. Smart
Cities are investing more money and resources into security, while tech companies are creating
solutions with new built-in mechanisms to protect against hacking and cyber-crimes.
 IoT challenges for Smart Citites
• Privacy Concerns
In any major city, there’s a balance between quality of life and invasion of
privacy. While everyone wants to enjoy a more convenient, peaceful, and healthy
environment, nobody wants to feel like they are constantly being monitored by “Big
Brother.” Cameras installed on every street corner may help deter crime, but they can
also install fear and paranoia in law-abiding citizens. Another valid concern is the
amount of data being collected from all the smart sensors residents come into contact
with each day.
• Educating & Engaging the Community
For a Smart City to truly exist and thrive, it needs “smart” citizens who are
engaged and actively taking advantage of new technologies. With any new city-wide tech
project, part of the implementation process must involve educating the community on its
benefits. This can be done through a series of in-person town hall-style meetings and
email campaigns with voter registration, as well as an online education platform that
keeps citizens engaged and up-to-date.
 IoT in different domain : Healthcare
The Internet of Things (IoT) has great potential to
transform the healthcare industry. While there are data
security and privacy challenges, the adoption of IoT
advances healthcare with the integration of
instantaneous and continuous data analytics.
IoT enables connected monitoring systems, sensor
instruments, and miniature detectors that can capture
real-time health data to provide more reliable
healthcare service. This paper describes a systems
approach to model and analyze the adoption of IoT in
the healthcare industry, seeking to provide a better
understanding of shaping forces, major stakeholders,
subsystems, and their interactions.
We analyze how healthcare system dynamics change
with IoT and how those changes impact the overall
adoption rate of smart devices in healthcare.
 IoT in different domain : Healthcare
IoT smart beds for hospitals
Monitoring patients’ vital signs and overall well-being is a fundamental responsibility
of healthcare institutions. Integrating these features directly into hospital beds can
enhance the efficiency of medical facilities. Leveraging a variety of IoT medical
devices and network-connected sensors, we can create smart beds that prioritize
patient comfort without compromise.
Healthcare wearable devices
Some of the patient’s health metrics can be gathered only through close skin contact
for consistent and seamless monitoring. Wearable medical devices equipped with
5G connectivity can measure a range of vital signs, including respiration rate, heart
rate, blood pressure, oxygen levels, and even sleep patterns.
 IoT in different domain : Healthcare

Remote patient monitoring with telemedicine

Telemedicine is a groundbreaking concept that empowers doctors to remotely
diagnose and monitor patients. Leveraging a suite of healthcare IoT products,
physicians can maintain constant awareness of their patient’s well-being, regardless of
geographical distance.
IoT medication management
Effective medication management plays a pivotal role in the success of any medical
treatment. IoT medication solutions, such as IoT pill dispensers, offer a means to
remind patients of their medication schedules. Additionally, they enable caregivers to
monitor medication dosages taken by the patient and assess the necessity for refills.
 IoT in different domain : Healthcare
Smart hospitals
5G connectivity serves as a catalyst in the transformation of hospitals into more
intelligent healthcare facilities, optimizing the efficient utilization of resources.
Hospital administrators can effortlessly monitor the availability of equipment,
supplies, beds, and even staff. Spezialized IoT solutions for building and security are
making a significant impact in the medical industry and have proven vital in enabling
smooth processes throughout hospitals.
Electronic medical records (EMR) / Electronic health records (EHR)
Through IoT, patients’ health data can seamlessly integrate with a digital health record
(EMR/EHR), accessible through web and mobile applications. This integration
facilitates the effortless exchange of patient information among healthcare
professionals, equipping them with essential medical background for more effective
and informed treatment decisions.
 IoT in different domain : Agriculture
• The agriculture industry must rise to meet demand of a growing population, now
predicted to reach 9.6 billion by 2050. To meet the needs of that growing population,
the agriculture industry will have to adopt new technologies and gain a much-needed
edge. New applications of IoT in agriculture will enable the industry to increase
operational efficiency, lower costs, reduce waste, and improve the quality of their
yield.
• So, what is smart farming? Smart farming is a capital-intensive and hi-tech system of
growing food cleanly and sustainable for the masses. It is the application of modern
ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) into agriculture.
• In IoT-based smart farming, a system monitors the crop field using sensors (such as
light, humidity, temperature, and soil moisture) and automates the irrigation system.
The farmers can monitor the field conditions from anywhere. IoT-based smart farming
is highly efficient when compared with the conventional approach.
IoT in different domain : Agriculture

Fig : Smart Agriculture

 Applications of IoT in Agriculture
Precision Farming
• Precision agriculture, or precision farming, is any method that enhances the control and accuracy of
raising livestock and growing crops. A key component is the use of IT, sensors, control systems,
robotics, autonomous vehicles, automated hardware, and so on.
• High-speed internet, mobile devices, and affordable satellites are key technologies driving the precision
agriculture trend among manufacturers.
• Precision agriculture is one of the most popular application of IoT in the agricultural sector. Crop
Metrics is a precision agriculture organization that focuses on ultra-modern agronomic solutions and
specializes in managing precision irrigation.
• The products and services of Crop Metrics include VRI optimization, soil moisture probes, virtual
optimizer PRO, and so on. VRI (Variable Rate Irrigation) optimization maximizes profitability on
irrigated crop fields with topography or soil variability, improve yields, and increases water use
efficiency.
• The soil moisture probe technology provides complete in-season local agronomy support, and
recommendations to optimize water use efficiency. The virtual optimizer PRO combines various
technologies for water management into one central, cloud-based, and powerful location designed for
consultants and growers to take advantage of the benefits in precision irrigation via a simplified
interface.
 Applications of IoT in Agriculture
Agricultural Drones
• Today, agriculture is one of the major industries to apply IoT drones. Farmers are using ground-based
and aerial-based drones for crop health assessment, irrigation, crop monitoring, crop spraying, planting,
and soil and field analysis.
• The major benefits of using drones include crop health imaging, integrated GIS mapping, ease of use,
saves time, and the potential to increase yields. With strategy and planning based on real-time data
collection and processing, drone technology will give a high-tech makeover to the agriculture industry.
• Precision Hawk is an organization that employs drones, equipped with a series of sensors for imaging,
mapping, and surveying, to gather valuable data on agricultural land. These drones perform in-flight
monitoring and observations. The farmers enter the details of what field to survey and select an altitude
or ground resolution.
• From the drone data, we can draw insights regarding plant health indices, plant counting and yield
prediction, plant height measurement, canopy cover mapping, field water ponding mapping, scouting
reports, stockpile measuring, chlorophyll measurement, nitrogen content in wheat, drainage mapping,
weed pressure mapping, and so on. The drone collects multispectral, thermal, and visual imagery
during the flight and then lands in the same location it took off.
 Applications of IoT in Agriculture
Livestock Monitoring
• Large farm owners can utilize wireless IoT applications to collect data regarding the location, well-being, and
health of their cattle. They use this information to identify and separate sick animals from the herd, thereby
preventing the spread of disease. It also lowers labor costs as ranchers can locate their cattle with the help of IoT
based sensors.
• JMB North America is an organization that offers cow monitoring solutions to cattle producers. One of the
solutions helps the cattle owners observe cows that are pregnant and about to give birth. When a heifer's water
breaks, it expels a battery-powered sensor that sends information to the herd manager or the rancher. This sensor
allows farmers to concentrate their time and focus on heifers that are giving birth.
Smart Greenhouses
• Greenhouse farming is a methodology that helps in enhancing the yield of vegetables, fruits, crops, etc.
Greenhouses control the environmental parameters through manual intervention or a proportional control
mechanism. As manual intervention results in production loss, energy loss, and labor costs, these methods are less
effective. A smart greenhouse can be designed with the help of IoT. This design intelligently monitors as well as
controls the climate, eliminating the need for manual intervention.
• Different sensors measure environmental parameters tailored to plant requirements to control the environment in a
smart greenhouse. When connected via IoT, we can establish a cloud server to access the system remotely.
• This eliminates the need for constant manual monitoring. Inside the greenhouse, the cloud server also enables data
processing and applies a control action. This design provides cost-effective and optimal solutions for farmers with
minimal manual intervention.
 Ethical Considerations and Societal Impact of IoT
• IoT systems bring incredible benefits but also raise ethical concerns.
• Data privacy, security vulnerabilities, and algorithmic bias are key issues that need
addressing.
• Robust protection measures, regular updates, and bias mitigation are crucial for
responsible IoT development.
• The societal impact of IoT is far-reaching. While it may displace jobs, it also creates
new opportunities.
• However, the digital divide could widen. Balancing innovation with inclusivity and
sustainability is vital for harnessing IoT's full potential responsibly.
 Ethical Considerations of IoT
Data privacy raises significant concerns in IoT systems
• IoT devices collect and store vast amounts of personal data (location, health
information, behavioral patterns) which can be sensitive and revealing
• Unauthorized access or misuse of this data by hackers, companies, or governments
can lead to privacy violations and potential harm to individuals
• Robust data protection measures (encryption, secure storage) and obtaining
informed user consent are crucial to mitigate privacy risks
Security vulnerabilities pose serious threats to IoT systems
• IoT devices can be hacked or compromised due to weak security features (default
passwords, outdated software) making them targets for cyber attacks
• Compromised IoT devices can serve as entry points for attackers to infiltrate larger
networks (smart homes, industrial control systems) causing widespread damage
• Regular security updates and implementing strong authentication mechanisms
(two-factor authentication, biometric verification) are essential to maintain IoT
system integrity
 Ethical Considerations of IoT
Algorithmic bias can lead to discriminatory outcomes in IoT systems
• IoT systems rely on algorithms and machine learning models to make decisions
(resource allocation, predictive maintenance) which can inadvertently perpetuate
biases
• Biased training data or flawed algorithmic design can result in unfair treatment of
certain groups based on protected characteristics (race, gender, age)
• Ensuring transparency in algorithmic decision-making processes and actively
identifying and mitigating sources of bias are necessary to promote fairness and
non-discrimination
 Societal Impact of IoT
• Widespread adoption of IoT technologies can lead to job displacement in various sectors
• Automation enabled by IoT devices and systems can replace human labor in tasks
such as manufacturing, transportation, and customer service
• Workforce reskilling and upskilling initiatives are necessary to prepare individuals for
IoT-driven job market changes and help them transition to new roles
• IoT adoption can also create new job opportunities in areas like IoT system design,
data analysis, and cybersecurity
• IoT adoption may exacerbate the digital divide and social inequalities
• Access to IoT technologies and their benefits can be limited by factors such as income
level, educational background, and geographic location (rural vs. urban areas)
• Unequal access to IoT can widen existing gaps in opportunities, services, and quality
of life between advantaged and disadvantaged groups
• Initiatives to provide affordable IoT access, digital literacy training, and infrastructure
development in underserved communities are crucial for inclusive IoT adoption
 Societal Impact of IoT
• IoT has the potential to contribute to environmental sustainability but also poses
challenges
• IoT-enabled smart systems can optimize resource consumption (energy, water) and
reduce waste through real-time monitoring and efficient management
• However, the proliferation of IoT devices can lead to increased energy
consumption and electronic waste generation, necessitating sustainable design
practices (energy-efficient devices, recyclable materials)
• Responsible disposal and recycling programs for IoT devices are essential to
minimize their environmental impact and promote a circular economy
 Advantages of IoT

1. Improved efficiency and automation of tasks.

2. Increased convenience and accessibility of information.
3. Better monitoring and control of devices and systems.
4. Greater ability to gather and analyze data.
5. Improved decision-making.
6. Cost savings.
 Disadvantages of IoT
1. Security concerns and potential for hacking or data breaches.
2. Privacy issues related to the collection and use of personal data.
3. Dependence on technology and potential for system failures.
4. Limited standardization and interoperability among devices.
5. Complexity and increased maintenance requirements.
6. High initial investment costs.
7. Limited battery life on some devices.
8. Concerns about job displacement due to automation.
9. Limited regulation and legal framework for IoT, which can lead to confusion and
uncertainty
 Assignment
1. Explain the key components of an IoT ecosystem and discuss how they interact with
each other to enable smart applications. Illustrate your answer with a relevant
example from any domain.
2. Compare and contrast how IoT applications in healthcare and agriculture address
different challenges. Discuss any TWO specific use cases from each domain,
highlighting the unique technological requirements and benefits.
3. A smart city plans to implement an IoT-based traffic management system. Analyze
the potential benefits and challenges, including ethical considerations regarding data
privacy and security. Propose THREE essential features this system should include
to address these concerns.
4. Discuss the societal implications of widespread IoT adoption in daily life. Analyze
both positive and negative impacts, and suggest THREE policy recommendations to
ensure responsible IoT implementation.