Department of public health dentistry

Seminar : health care delivery system in India

PRESENTED BY: GUIDED BY:
SIDDHI SINGH Dr. Shilpi Singh (H.O.D.)
Roll no. 199981079 Dr. Sumit Tewari
z
Conten
t Introduction
Evolution of Health
system
Levels of Health
Care in India
Health system administration
system in India Health Care sectors in India
The National Oral Health Policy
Non-governmental organizations
Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
Health systems are defined by WHO(2000) as comprising all the organisation,
institutions , and resources that are devoted to producing health actions.

What constitute a health system?

A health system consist of formal health services,including the
professional delivery of personal delivery of personal medical attention,
actions by traditional healers, use of medication.
 The evolution of India’s health system
It can be categorized into three distinct phases:

Phase 1(1947-83)
When health policy was based on two principles:
That none should be denied care for want of
ability to pay.
That it was the state’s responsibility to
provide health care to the people.

Phase 2 (1983-2000)
Despite the remarkable achievements in disease control, the failure to
control the population, in rural areas, and international commitment
commitment to focus on providing comprehensive primary care as
envisioned by Alma Ata Declaration in 1978, led to formation of national
 Phase 3(post-2000)
To reduce the disease burden affecting the poor and alarmed by the falling
levels in the utilization of public facilities, the government brought froth the
National Population Policy(2000), the National Health Policy(2002), the AYUSH
policy(2000), reiterating its resolve and commitment to achieve a set og
goals by 2010.

FIVE YEAR PLANS:

The economy of India was based in part on planning through its five year
plans, which were developed, executed and monitored by the planning
commission of India. The Planning commission , was established on 15
March 1950, with prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru as the chairman. The
planning commission gave 12 five year plans starting from 1951 upto 2017.
 CENSUS
A census is defined by the United Nation as “The total process of collecting ,
compiling and publishing demographic , economic and social data pertaining
at a specified time or times , to all persons in a country or delimited
territory”.

URBAN AND RURAL AREAS

The Census of India 2011 defines urban India as:

Urban areas
All the place.s with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified
town
area
comittee. All the other places which statisfy
the following:
 Rural Areas
According to the planning commission a town with a maximum population
of 15,000 is considerd rural in nature.

Levels of Health Care in India

Primary care level
It is provided, through the agency of health guides and trained dais by:
-Priamary health centers
-Sub centers

Secondary care level

Community health centers
District hospital
 Tertiary care level

Medical college
hospitals All India
institute Regional
hospital
Other apex institute
Specialized
hospitals

Health System
Administration in India
The three main tiers of the health system in
India are:
-Centre
 AT THE CENTRE
At the centre official organs are:
1. Ministry of Health and Welfare
2. Directorate General of Health Services
3. Central Council of Health and Family welfare

Ministry of Health and Welfare

It is responsible for health policy and all government programs rellating to
family planning in India.

1. Department of Health and Family welfare

This department takes care of matters of medical and public health, which
includes drug control , prevention of adulteration in food materials and
conducts family welfare programs.
 2. Department of AYUSH
Department of ayurveda, yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and
Homeopathy

Established for the purpose of education and research in Ayurveda, yoga

and naturopathy, unani, siddha and homeopathy system.

It focuses on upgradation of AYUSH educational system, quality control and

standardization of drugs, improving the availability of medicinal plant
material.

3. Department of Health Research

Its function includes:
Promotion and co-ordination of basic, applied and clinical trials and
operational research in areas related to medical, health and bio
medical
Promote and provide guidance on research governance issue, including
ethical issue.

Inter - sectoral coordination and promotion of public- private partnership

in medical, bio-medical and health research related areas.

Advanced training in research areas concerning medicine and health

including grant of fellowships for such training in India and abroad.

Technical support for dealing with epidemics and natural calamities.

Investigation for outbreaks due to new and exotic agents and

development of tools for prevention.
 4. Department of AIDS Control
The obective of NACP-1(1992-1999) was to control the spread of HIV
infection . During this period a major expansion of infrastructure of
blood banks was undertaken along with establishment of STD clinics
and HIV sentinel surveillance systems.
During NACP-2(1999-2006) a numberof new initiatives such as:
targeted interventions through NGOs, with focus on High risk groups
(HRGs) viz. commercial sex workers, injecting drug users, and bridge
populations.

The package of services in these interventions including

Behavoiur change communication, management of STDs and
condom promotion.

The school AIDS Education program was conceptualized to build

 Directorate General of Health Services

-The DGHS renders technical advice to the central government on all medical
and public health matters and in implementation of various health schemes.
-The DGHS is assisted by Additional Director general of Health services , a
team of deputies and large administrative staff.

The general duties include suveys, planning , coordination ,and

appraisal of health matters in country.

The specific duty include international health relation and

quarantine, Drug control and standardization, medical education ,
training and research.
 Central Council of Health and Family
It was set up by the presidential order on welfare
9th Aug 1952. Its purpose is
to promote coordination between centre and states in the
implementation of national programs and measure pertaining to health.

The union minister of health is the chairman and state health ministers
are its members.

Its function are preparing proposals for making laws in areas of medicine and
health, making plans for development of health in entire nation,
encouragement of medical, Education and training , preparing
recommendation for providing grants and financial assistance to state for
medical services.
 AT THE STATE
State Ministry of Health
It function under the state health mnister who is assisted by
Secretarait and several other executive directors. The Secretariat is
headed by the Health Secretory who is assisted by Deputy
secretaries.

The Department deals with administration, budget, finance, and

makes or approve policies.

State health directorate

Functions of state health directorate are:
Planning of health services in
 Implementation of national health programs and evaluating their
achievements.
Controlling food adulteration and also sanitation in milk and edibles.
Collection of vital statics.
Encouraging reproductive and child health.
Taining of nurses, female health workers and other health workers.
Providing feedback to state health ministry regarding health.

Improvement of nutrition programs and medical education.

Providing all type of health service in state

At the District
The principal unit of administration in India is the district under a
collector.
 Sub- Division
Most districts in India are divided into two or more subdivisions, each
in charge of an assistant collector or sub - collector.

Tehsils (Talukas)
Each subdivision is divided into Tehsils. A tehsil usually comprises between
200 to 600 villages.

Community Development Blocks

Since the Community Development program was launched in 1952,
the rural areas of a district have been organized into community
development blocks, which comprises approximately 100 villages
and about 80;000 to1,20,000 population in charge of a block
development officer.
 MUNICIPALITIES AND COOPERATION
Town area committed - In areas with population from 5,000-
10,000 Municipal boards - In areas with population from 10,000
to 2lakhs Corporations- In areas with population above 2lakhs.

Villages:
Panchayat Raj
The three institutions are:
1. Panchayat- At the village level
2. Panchayat samiti- At the block level
3. Zilla Parishad- At the district level

At the Village level

 Gram Sabha
It is an assembly of all the adults of the village which meets at least
twice a year.

Gram Panchayat
It is an executive organ of the gram sabah.Its strength varies from 15 to 30
and the population covered varies from 5000- 15000.

Nyaya Panchayat
The government of India proposes to establish Nyaya panchayat in every gram
sabha for providing a system of fair and speedy justice , both criminal and civil
to the citizens at their doorsteps, outside the former judicial system. Provisions
are proposed for the reservation for women, Scheduled castes and Scheduled
tribes to ensure their representation in the Nyaya Panchayat.
 At the Block Level

The block level consist of about 100 villages and population of about
80,000 to 1,20,000. The panchayat samiti, also called Janapada
Panchayat consist of all sarpanchas of the village panchayats in the block,
MLAs, MP’s , representatives of women, scheduled cast, tribes and Co-
operative society.

At the District level

The Zilla parishad consist of members ranging from 40-70 includes all
geads of the panchayat samiti’s in the district MLA’s MP’s of the district,
collector, representative of women, scheduled tribes and 2 persons of
experience in administration, public life.
 1. Public Health Sector

A. Primary Health Sectors

a). Village health guide Schemes
The scheme was introduced on 2nd October 1977 under integrated rural
health program with nomenclature of “ Community Health workers
scheme’’.

In 1981 the scheme designated as ‘Health guide scheme’. The basic

philosophy of the scheme being ‘people health in people’s hand.

The village health guide should be:

Be permanent resident of the local community.
Be able to read and write and have education upto 6th standard.
Be acceptable to all sections of the community.
Be able to spare at least 2-3 hours every day for community health work.
 Duties assigned include:
Mother and child health
including family planning.
Health education and
sanitation.
Treatment of simple ailments
and activities in the first aid.

b). Local Dais

Under the Rural health scheme, an extensive program was undertaken to
train all categories of local dais to improve their knowledge in the elementary
concepts of maternal and child health and sterilization. Training is at the PHC,
sub centers or MCH centre for 2 days a week and remaining 4 days they
accompany the health workers to the villages, for a total of 30 working days.
Each dai is paid during her training period.

c). Anganwadi workers

 The integrated child development services scheme was started on 2nd
October in1975.
An Anganwadi is run by an anganwadi worker who is selected from the
community she is expected to serve, with an educational qualification of upto
10 standard and is trained for 4 months in various aspects of health, nutrition,
and child development.

She is paid about Rs. 8000 per month for services rendered which include
health check- ups, immunization, supplementary nutrition, health education
and referral services.
Services provided by Anganwadi workers are:
Supplementary nutrition for children below 6 years of age and pregnant
and lactating mothers.
Immunization for below 6 years of age and for pregnant and lactating
women.
 Health check up for below 6 years of age and for pregnant and lactating
Pre- schools education for children aged 3-6 years. mothers.
Nutrition and health education for women aged 15-45 years.

d). Accredited Social Health Activist(ASHA)

Following are the key components of ASHA:

ASHA must be primarily be a young women resident of the village

preferably in the age group of 25-45 years.
She should be literate women with education upto class eight.
ASHA would be chosen through a rigorous process of selection involving
various community groups, self- help groups , the block nodal office, district
nodal office.
Empowered with knowledge and drug- kit to deliver first- contact
Healthcare, every ASHA is expected to be fountainhead of community.
 ASHA will be first port of call for any health related demands of deprived
sections of the population, especially women and children, who will find it
difficult to access health services.
She would be a promoter of good health practices and will also provide a
minimum package of curative care as appropriate and feasible for that level
and make timely referrals.
She will council women on birth preparedness, importance of safe delivery,
breast feeding and complementary feeding, immunization, contraception and
prevention of common infections like reproductive tract infection and care of
young child.
She will act as depot holder for essential provisions being made to all
habitations like Oral Rehydration therapy, Iron Folic Acid Tablet, chloroquine
Disposable Delivery kits.

National Health Mission

The mission, initially mooted for 7 years(2005-2012), is run by the
ministry of health.
 The National health mission encompasses its two submission
-National Rural health mission
-National Urban health Mission
2. Sub- Centre level
A sub - centre is the most peripheral and first contact point between the
primary health system and the community.
As per the norms , one sub centre is established for every 5 0 0 0 population in
plain area and for every 3 0 0 0 population in hilly area

Each of the sub centre is required to be manned by at least one axillary

nurse midwife / female health worker and one male health worker.

One lady health visitor is entrusted with task of supervision of six Sub centres.

3. Primary Health Centre Level (PHC)

 PHC is the first contact point between village
community and the medical officer.
As per the Norms, one PHC is established for every 30,000 population in plain
area and fir every 20,000 population in hilly/ tribal areas.

As per the minimum requirement, a PHC is to be manned by a medical

officer supported by 14 paramedical and other staff.

Functions of primary health centre :

OPD services : 4 hours in the morning and 2 hours in the afternoon/
evening.
24 hours emergency services: appropriate management of injuries and
accidents, First aid, Stabilisation of the condition of the patient.
Referral services
In patient
services
 Nutritional services
School health check- ups and appropriate treatment.
Adolescent health care
Oral health
- Oral health promotion and check ups
-Appropirate referral on identification
promotion of safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

National Health Policy, 2017

The national health policy , 2017 recommended strengthning the delivery of primary
health care, through establishment of Healthn and wellness centres as the platform
to deliver primary health care.
Ayushman Bharat or ‘Healthy India’ national initiative was launched as
recommended by the national health policy 2017, to achieve the vision
of Universal health coverage.
 Ayushman Bharat adopts a continuum of care approach, comprising of two
interrelated components, which are:
Establishement of Health and wellness centers
Pradhan Mantrai Jan Arogya Yojana : It aims to provide financial
protection for secondary and tertiary care to about 40% of indian household.

Health and Wellness Centres(HWCs)

In Feburary 2018, the Government of India announced the creation of
1,50,000 Healthn and wellness centres by transforming existing Sub centres
and primary health centres as the base pillar of Ayushman bharat.

Health and wellness Centres, are envisaged to deliver an expanded range of

services to address the primary health care needs of the entire population in
their area, close to community.
 4). First referral units
(FRU)
An existing facility can be declared a fully operational First Referral unit only if
it is equipped to provide round the clock services for emergency Obstertic care
including surgical interventions like caesarean sections, New born care and
blood storage facility. There are 3204 FRUs in India (2019).

C). HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEMES

India has commited to achieve Universal Health Coverage as a signatory to the
globally agreed sustainable development goals as well as through the National
health policy 2017. There are many National health insurance schemes launched in
India since 1948.

Ayushman Bharat program appears to be balanced approach, which combines

provision of comprehensive primary Healthcare and secondary and tertiary
hospitalisation.
 1). Employees State Insurance (ESI) Scheme

Employees State Insurance Scheme of India, launched in 1948, is an

integrated social security scheme tailored to provide social protection to
workers and their dependents in the organised sectors , in contingencies,
such as sickness, maternity and death or disablememt due to an
employment injury or occupational hazard.

The act is applicable to Non seasonal factories using power and employing
ten or more persons and non seasonal and non power using factories and
establishments employing twenty or more persons.

The ESI scheme is mainly financed by contributions raised from

employees covered under the scheme and their employers, as a fixed
percentage of wages.
 Employees covered under the scheme are entitled to medical facilities
for self and dependents. They are entitled to cash benefits in the
event of specified contingencies resulting in loss of wages or earning
capacity.
2). Central Government Health Scheme
The Central Government Heath Scheme was started under the Indian
ministry of Health and Family welfare in 1954 with the objective of providing
comprehensive medical care facilities to central government employees.

The Scheme provides services to:

All the central govt. Servants paid from Civil Estimates
pensioners drawing pensions from civil estimates and their family
members.
Hon’ble members of parliament
Hon’ble judges ofsupreme court of
India
Ex-members of
 It provide services through following categories of systems:
Allopathic
Homeopathi
c
Indian system of medicine eg. Ayurveda

The main components of the scheme are:

Dispensary services including domiciliary
care
Family welfare and maternal and child health
services Laboratory examination
Hospitalization
Health education to beneficiaries
Specialist consultation facilities both at dispensary , polyclinic
and hospital level.
Moreover, the scheme is designed to cover not a poor family on Indian streets
but also those who are members of some group such as cooperative societies,
bidi workers, handloom weavers etc.

The scheme provides for reimbursement of medical expenses upto Rs.

30,000 towards hospitalisation floated amongst entire family, death cover
due to an accident at Rs.25,000 to the earning head of the family and
compensation due to loss of earning member at Rs.50 per day upto maximum
15 days.

4). Rashtriye Swasthya Bima Yojana

It was started in 2008 and has provided secondary level
Healthcare Facilities to more than 36 million families across most
states in India.

This particular health insurance scheme was undertaken to safeguard the

marginalized Indian population or those households who are facing economic
 5). Ayushman Bharat/ National Health protection Scheme
Ayushman Bharat, a flagship scheme of Government of India , was launched as
recommended by the National Health policy 2017, to achieve the version of
Universal health coverage.
Ayushman bharat is an approach to move from sectoral and segmented
approach of health service delivery to a comprehensive need- based health
care service.

Ayushman Bharat adopts a continuum of care approach, comprising of two

inter- related components, which are Health and wellnessCentres and
pradhanMantri Jan Arogya Yojana.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana

It was launched on 23rd September 2018 . Ayushman bharat PM-JAY is the
largest health assurance scheme in the world which aims to provide a health
cover of 5 lakhs per family.
 -The households included are based on the deprivation
and occupational criteria of Socio economic Cast census 2011 for rural and
urban respectively..

-PM-JAY provides cashless access to health care services,for the beneficary at

the point of service, that is, hospitalisation.

-There is no restriction on the family size, age or gender and all pre-existing
conditions are covered from day one.
-PM-JAY is fully funded by the Government and cost of implementation is
shared between the central and state governments.

D). OTHER AGENCIES

1. DEFENCE MEDICAL SERVICES
Defence services have their own organization for medical care to defence
personnel
under the banner , ‘Armed forces medical services’.
 They provide integrated and comprehensive preventive, promotive, and
curative services.
2. Indian Railway Medical Service
The Indian Railway Services is an organized service of the government of
India.

Functions related to Industrial Medicine

To attend Railway accident and other untoward incidences.
To provide emergency medical treatment to travelling sick passengers
Pre employment Medical examination to allow only fit and suitable
candidates to join services.
To conduct medical boards and other medical certification of serving
employees.
To control loss of man-days on account of sickness.
To ensure safe water supply at Railway station.
Certification of dead bodies at Railway station, Railway yards, Railway line
etc.
 -Functions related to medical treatment to Railway
To provide curative health care at primary, secondarybeneficiaries
and tertiary level.
To provide preventive health
care. To provide promotive
health care.

2) PRIVATE SECTOR
-In a mixed economy like India, private practice of medicine provides a large
share of the health services available.

-They can be either in form of private Hospitals, polyclinics, Nursing homes

and dispensaries or general practicioners and clinics.

3) INDIGENOUS SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE

The practitioners of indigenous system of medicine like Ayurveda,
Yoga&Naturopathy, Unani,Siddha& Homeopathy(AYUSH) provide then bulk
 Most of the ISM&H practitioners are located in rural areas and remain
close to people socially and culturally.Many ayurvedic dispensaries are
state run.

AYUSH practitioners have now been integeated into community health

centers and central government health scheme.

4). VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES

It may be defined as “ an organization that is administered bban autonomous
board which holds meetings, collect funds for its support chiefly from private
sources and expends money, whether with or without paid workers, in
conducting a program directed primarily to futhering the public health by
providing health services or health education, or by advancing research or
legislation for health or by combination of these activities” (Gunn and Platt,
1945)

Some Voluntary Agencies India are

 Indian council for child welfare Tuberculosis association of India
Bharat sevaksamaj
Central social welfare board
The Kasturba memorial fund
The All Indiabblind relief
society Professional bodies

5). National Health

Programs in India
National health programs are launched by the Government of India for the
control/ eradication of communicable disease, environmental sanitation, nutrition,
population control and rural health.

Some of the programs

are: Anti - malaria
program
 National Leprosy eradication
program National tuberculosis
program National AIDS control
program
Iodine deficiency program
National cancer control
program

PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

(PPP)
Public private partnership is the collaboration of the public sector with the
private sector.

Mechanism of PPP
The public sector includes organizations or institutions that are financed by
the state revenue and that function government budgets or control.
 Can make available government funds for health care services.
Needs to see that services are made available to all, especially the
under privileged and the un-privileged.

Role of Private sector

Can build best in class Healthcare facilities with the best
resorces Needs to see sustainable profitability for its
effort

Advantages of PPP
Improves health care delivery mechanism
Increase mobilization of resources for health group
Improves quality of services
Reduce cost of care
Provides targeted services to the
poor
 Requirements for a successful
partnership
A clear understanding of the responsibilities and obligations between
partners Strong community support
Stability of the political and legal climate
Regulatory framework that is followed and
enforced Strong management information system
Clarity on incentives and penalities

The National Oral Health Policy

In, 1984 national workshops were organized in Bombay on oral health targets for
India and in the year 1986, an oral health policy was conscripted by the Indian
Dental Association.
On February 22 2021, the National Oral health program Division of Ministry of
health
and family welfare, Government of India,Proposed the draft National oral
health policy to provide framework for prevention of oral disease and
 Objectives:

1 To strengthen oral health care delivery system at all levels so as to

. render promotive, preventive,curative and rehabilitation
2. To encourage services.
policy driven research , education, implementation and
monitoring.
3. To build the capacity of service providers and also public health facilities for
availability of skilled oral health ptofessional and provision of essential oral
health
care services.
4. To ensure integration of oral health in all policies in multi-sectional domains
including national programs under health, education, work, and community
related
policies.
5. To support centers of excellence in various activities including capacity building
of
service providers in the states.
6. To ensure regular monitoring and periodic evaluation of oral health programs
 SPECIFIC QUANTATIVE TARGETS

The policy’s target is to develop robust and evidence based outcome measure
which will form part of National Oral Health Stategic plan document.

Oral Health Status

1. Establish baseline data for oral disease burden of the country by 2025.
2. Reduce the morbidity and mortality from dental and oro-facial disease by
15%
by 2030.

Health system performance

3. Increase utilization of public oral health facilities by at least 50% per
district by 2030.
2. Increase coverage of community based awareness programs
and procedures for oral health through facilities by 50%
by 2025.
 Strengthening of oral health system

1.Make available assured inappropriate preventive and promotive oral health

services at each health and wellness centre by 2025.
2. In addition make available assured curative oral health services at each
primary
Health centre by 2030.

Oral
1 health management
Ensure district-level information
electronic database of information on health
. system components by 2025.
2. Establish integrated oral health information architecture
& exchange between district & primary health centres by
2030.

Health Agencies Around The World

The kinds of agencies that carry on public health work:
Governmental agencies
Non government organization
 NON- GOVERNMENTAL ORGENIZATION (NGO)

An NGO is a legally constituted organization that operates independently from

any government. It is a group members are individuals or associations.
In many countries these types of organization are also called “Civil
society organization”.

1. The international red cross and red crescent

movement
- The international red cross and red crescent movement is the world’s
largest
humanitarian network.
-The movement is made up of almost 97 million volunteers, supporters, and staff in
186 countries.

If has three main components:

The international committee of the Red cross(ICRC)
The international Fedration of red cross and Red crescent
 -The Red cross idea was in 1859, when Dunant, a young Swiss man, came upon
the scene of a bloody battle in Solfernio, Italy between armies of imperial Austria
and the Franco-Sardinian alliance.

-The Red cross was born in the year 1863 when five Geneva men, including
Dunant , set up the international committee for relief to the wounded, later to
become the International committee of the red cross.

-The international Red cross and red crescent movement is thecworld’s

largest humanitarian network. The seven fundamental principles of the red
cross anc red crescent are:

Humanity
Its purpose is to protect human life and health and to ensure respect for
the human being. It promotes mutual understanding, friendship,
cooperation and lasting peace amongst all people.
 Voulantry services

It is a voluntary relief movement not prompted in any manner by desire for

gain.

Unity
There can be only one Red cross or one Red crescent society in any
one country. It must be open to all.

Universality
The international red cross and red crescent movementis worldwide,
in which all socities have equal status and share equal
responsibilities and duties in helping each other.

The Indian Red Cross Society:

The Indian Red Cross Society is a voluntary humanitarian organization which
came into existance in the year 1920.It has a network for over 700 branches
 The various activities of Red cross society of India can be outlined as
follows:
a. Social and relief work
During the times of disasters like floods, drought, earthquakes, and other
calamities, the Red Cross Society of India will provide relief as well as
rescue.

b. Supplies of essential items

It provides or gives assistance to hospitals, maternity health centers, child care
centers, orphanages and rehabilitation centers through supply of drugs, milk,
milk powder, vitamins and artifical appliances.

c. Maintenance of blood banks

The society has established large number of blood banks in different parts
of
country, for helping the people in need of blood at emergencies.

d. Services for maternal and child welfare

The society has established a wide number of maternity and child welfare
centres to other health organizations providing maternal and
childcare.
e. Medical care for defence forces
The society provides help to the sick and wounded members of the defence
forces and runs special centers for their care.
f. Family Planning Services
It supports many family planning programs in different parts of the country.

g. First Aid Services

It conduct training programs in first aid and allied topics in most parts of the
country through its branches. The “St. Johns Ambulance Association” functioning
in India is a subsidiary of Red Cross society that has provided number of people
in first aid activities.
 2. The Rockefeller Foundation

John Davison Rockefeller was a billionaire American industrialist and

philanthropist.
In 1901 he established the Rockefellar Institute for medical research ,
now Rockefellar university.
The Rockefellar Foundation has been active with its work in India since 1920.
1. The programs sponsored
Training by this foundation
of competent in India includes:
research workers.
2. Scholarship to candidates from India for training or research work in
foreign
3. countries.
4. Financial assistance to teaching institutions and research projects.
Setting up of
5. Assistance for improvements in libraries in Medical family
field of agriculture, colleges
planning , rural
health
etc.
3. COOPERATIVE FOR ASSISTANCE AND RELIEF EVERYWHERE
(CARE)
-CARE is one off the largest private humanitarian organizations.It was founded
in 1945, when 22 American organization came to rush lifesaving CARE
packages to survivors of world war 2. Headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia.
-Over the years, their work has expanded to address the world’s most
threatning problems like hunger, famine, and primary health care.

-With staff of more than 12,000, CARE helps strengthen communities through
an array of programs that work to create lasting solutions to root causes of
poverty.

-In India, CARE has been involved with many feeding programs like the mid-day
meal scheme for school children, health care programs, educational and
vocational training etc.
 Conclusion
There have been significant advances in the healthcare system in India
over last few years. Despite these recent strides health system remains
ineffective in providing basic minimum care as promised in the Indian
Constitution. The National Health Policy 2017 of the Government of India
has envisaged Corporate Social responsibility as an important area for
filling health infrastructure gaps in public health facilities across the
country. The private sector could use the CSR platform to play an active
role in capacity building, skill development , generating health
awareness.
All these changes will need to be based on a strong political will and
should be accompanied by economic and social reforms.
 Reference

Soben Peter, Essential of Public Health Dentistry,

7thEdition