B.A.L.L.

B
RU
Concept of Management
1 Semester
st
Course Concept of
Title Management
Course HL 106
Code
Semester 1st B.A. L.L.B
Full Marks 50 (UE:30+IE:20)
Pass Mark 20 (UE:12+IE:8)
Credit 2 (TH 30)
Hours
Course Objectives
To provide knowledge about
functional areas of
management and to enable
for applying management
knowledge in to practice.
Chapter Course Contents
Chapter : One Introduction to Management : Meaning,
Objective, Importance, Nature, Principles of
Henry Fayol, Principles of FW Taylors and
Functions of Management.
Chapter : Two Planning concept, Features of planning, Types
of planning, Importance of Planning, Hierarchy
of Planning, Process of planning, Strategic plan,
Implementation of strategic plan, Strategic
Management,
Chapter :Three Human Resource Management: Motivation,
Leadership , Communication ,Directing,
Coordinating, Controlling and decision making
Chapter : Four Emerging Concept of Management:
Participatory management, Corporate social
responsibility, Time Management and
Organizational conflict Management
Chapter : one
Introduction to
Management
Meaning of Management
• Management is to manage human and
other resource tactfully for the
achievement of organizational goals.
• It is the process of collection of means
and resources and utilization of these
things in the best and cheapest way to
attain specified objective.
• Management is the process of getting
things done through others with the help
of planning, organizing, directing,
coordinating and controlling.
• “Management is principally the task of
planning, coordinating, motivating the
efforts of others towards a specific
• Management is process by which
managers direct, controls
&coordinates the efforts of people
and other resources to attain
predetermined goals within the
prevailing environment.
• Management is the process of
collection of basic resources i.e. men,
materials, machines, methods,
money, market and utilization of
these resources appropriately
through the fundamental function i.e.
planning, organizing, coordinating,
controlling, leading, directing,
motivating and communicating to
Characteristics or feature of management
(1)Goal oriented:
Management is the art that contributes for the efficient use of all resources to
achieve defined goal. Management activities are directed towards multiple
goals but the main objective of management is to maximize productivity and
profit with optimum use of resources.
(2)Universal or pervasive:
Management is necessary to all types of organization and each level of
manager. Management principles are universally applicable. It is required
where there is human activity.
(3)Social process:
Management is an interactive social process. It achieves its objectives by and
through the people. It has to consider not only the organization objective but
also the social objective. It has to fulfill the needs of all stake holders utilizing
resources effectively.
(4)Dynamic activity:
Management is a dynamic activity with the changing environment of the
society. It has to modify its system, style and techniques according to the time
and situation. It should be modifiable to adjust within the changing
environment.
(5)Group activity:
Management represents a team of people involved in various managerial functions to
achieve common goal. Work is divided, authority and responsibility is defined and hierarchy
is maintained among members of the organization.
(6)Distinct process:
Management is a separate subject of study like economics and science. It has separate
principles, approaches and thought which are used to run the activities smoothly and
efficiently.
(7)Management is science, art and profession:
Management is a science because it is based on some basic principles of universal
application. It is an art because skill and ability is required for performing managerial
functions. It is a profession because it involves the specific types of work followed by special
knowledge skill and education.
(8) Continuous Process:
Management is a continuous process which exists as long as the organizations exists.
Organizations are established for an indefinite period of time and management is
concerned with identifying the organizational problems and solving them with best possible
measures.
(9) Multidisciplinary:
Management is multidisciplinary in nature. It includes knowledge from various disciplines
such as economics, mathematics, psychology, sociology, operation management and
history. Management integrates concepts from these disciplines for managing the
organizations.
(10.) Multidimensional activity:
Objectives of Management
1. To achieve Organizational Goal
2. To ensure growth and stability
3. To enhance efficiency
4. To promote personal development
5. To adapt to changes effectively
6. To maintain the quality standard
7. To ensure optimum use of resources
8. To maximize profits
9. To reduce risk and uncertainty
10.To coordinate workflows
Importance of Management
1. Achieve Group Goals
2. Optimum Utilization of Resources
3. Reduction of Cost
4. Establishing Sound Organization
5. Adapting to change
6. Guidance to employees
7. Maintaining work culture
8. Initiating action
9. Monitoring Progress
10.Accountability and order
11.Initiating innovation
12.Social Prosperity
Nature of Management
1. Universality: It is essential for all types of organization
and each level
2. Social Process: It involves organizing people in group
and managing them tactfully
3. Purposeful: It has SMART objectives
4. Intangible: There is no physical proof of the
management process
5. Coordination: It coordinates all the functions of an
organization by bringing together different teams and
department
6. Creativity: Every independent component contributes
in unique ways.
7. Dynamic Function: It is changeable according to
environment and demand of the situation
Principles of Management :
Introduced by Henry Fayol
Principles are the universally accepted facts, truth and guidelines which are
gained through scientific observation,research,investigation and experiment.
Many scholars have introduced many principles in different times through their
research and investigation. Henry Fayol has recommended the following
principles of management:
(1)Principle of Division of work:
According to this principle every employees in an organization
must be assigned only a specific type of work to increase efficiency,
job satisfaction and accuracy in performance. The work of
organization should be divided among the individuals and group.
(2)Principle of Discipline:
It means obedience to superior and their guidelines, order and
instruction and follows the rules and regulation of an organization.
It is necessary for the development of feeling of self responsibility
among the members and to maintain pleasant working
environment in the organization.
Principles of Management : Introduced by Henry
Fayol…
(3)Principle of Unity of command:
This principle refers that every subordinates or worker must get orders and
instruction from only one superior at a time. It is necessary to avoid confusion
and to fix responsibility.
(4)Principle of Authority and responsibility:
This principle emphasizes on the balance between authority and responsibility.
Authority without responsibility can make a person irresponsible and there is a
possibility of misuse of power. Similarly responsibility without proper authority
makes a person ineffective.
(5)Principle of Unity of direction:
According to this principle there should be one head and one plan for a group
of activities having a common objective. It is necessary to maintain unity in
action.
(6)Principle of Subordination of individual interest to
general interest:
This principle concentrates that the individual interest should be subordinated
to the common or general objective or group objective. The achievement of
group objective helps to fulfill individual interest.
Principles of Management : Introduced by Henry Fayol………
(7)Principle of Remuneration of employees:
Remuneration is the reward paid considering cost of living, employee’s responsibility
and financial condition of organization. There should be a provision of monetary and
non monetary incentives to encourage employees having the best performance.
(8)Principle of Centralization and decentralization
:According to nature and size of organization, knowledge and capability of
subordinate centralization and decentralization should be maintained in an
organization. Centralization means retention of decision making authority at the top
level management and decentralization means granting authority of decision making
from top to bottom in a hierarchy.
(9)Principle of Scalar chain:
It refers to unbroken chain of command from top to bottom in hierarchy who reports
to whom and who is obeyed by whom should be clearly defined. Every
communication should follow the prescribed route from top to bottom and vice
versa
(10)Principle of order:
This principle is concerned with the systematic and scientific arrangement of
materials and people. It is necessary to ensure effective performance brings
attractiveness and comfort and convenience in doing task. Right person and things
should be placed in right place.
Principles of Management : Introduced by Henry
Fayol…….
(11)Principle of equity:
According to this principle, there should be kindness and justice to all the employees
working in an organization. Management of organization has to avoid the concept of
favoritism and discrimination among the employees. It ensures to develop the feeling of
responsibility among the employees.
(12)Principle of Stability of tenure:
According to this principle employees must have a feeling of security of their job to
continue the work effectively. It helps to develop experience, ability and efficiency.
Instability of employees increases cost of selection, training, supervision and high labor
turnover.
(13)Principle of Initiative:
It means self motivation among the employees towards assigned job and fixed
responsibility. Every employee should be given reliable freedom to exercise judgment in
formulation and implementation of plan. Superior should not interrupt to subordinates for
minor technical work.
(14)Principle of Esprit de corps (unity is strength):
It means union is strength. The manager has to take necessary steps to promote team
spirit and develop a feeling of harmony among employees. Divide and rule must be
eliminated through mutual understanding.
Principles of Scientific Management - Introduce by FW Taylor
1. Scientific selection, training and development of employees:
• Employees should be scientifically selected to bring improvement in
performance. Appropriate training and development program should be applied
to enhance the skill and ability of employees.
2. Harmony not discard (close cooperation between management and
workers):
• There should be harmonic environment in between management and workers to
create mutually beneficial relationship. Management should give importance to
employees and the employees also think the business organization as their own
which enhance productivity and profitability.
3. Replacing rule of thumb with science (Development of science for each
part of job of employees):
• Management should adopt scientific techniques which makes the work simpler,
easier and quicker. Management should develop a science for each element of an
individual’s work and should replace the old rule of thumb method.
4. Maximum output not restricted output:
• This theory is more concerned with the continuous increase in production and
productivity through optimum utilization of resources which will brings higher
profits for the employer and better wages for the employees.
Principles of Management : Introduced by FW
Taylor………….
5. Cooperation not individualism:
• This theory is based on cooperation between management and
workers. The management and workers should jointly determine
standard of work to enhance harmonious working environment
through mutual cooperation.
6. Mental revolution(Change in thinking both management and workers
to solve problems scientifically):
• There should be change in thinking both on the part of management
and workers towards their mutual relation and work effort.
Management should create suitable working condition and solve all
problems scientifically and workers should also perform their job with
utmost attention, devotion and carefulness.
7. Time and motion study (examine the movement of performing a task
and determine the best work): Management should conduct the time
and motion study as the best method for bringing effectiveness in
employees performance. The main purpose of this study is to
determine if there are wasted movement that are repeated which
wastes time and reduces the productivity of workers.
Functions of management (POSDCORB)
Management of organization is responsible to determine objective and put them in to
action. Management is wide subject matter of study. It performs various functions and
creates a better working environment to achieve predetermined objectives. Its major
function is explained as follows:
(1) Planning: Planning is deciding in advance for what is to be done , when to
do, why to do, How to do, who is responsible to do. It is thinking before doing any things.
Planning gives solution to various problems which arise in course of functioning. It
minimizes future uncertainties and risk. It saves time, effort and cost of organization.
(2) Organizing: Organizing is the process of identification of major activities,
grouping them into units, assignment of work to staff and delegation of authority, define
authority responsibilities relationship among the organizational members. It is the frame
work where all mechanisms involved in achieving common objective.
(3) Staffing: It is another major function of management. It includes
determination of manpower requirement, recruitment, selection, appointment and
placement of right employees to right job, socialization, development, utilization and
Retention . It also includes training, motivating, developing, performance, evaluation,
promotion, transfer and providing incentives to employees.
(4) Controlling: It is the process of setting standard, measuring actual
performance, indentifying deviation and if the deviation is below the standards, then the
process of taking corrective action to achieve predetermined goal.
Functions of Management
(5) Directing:
• It is concerned with instructing, guiding and inspiring
subordinates to achieve organizational objectives. This
function of management includes supervision,
motivation, leadership, communication and coordination.
• Supervision refers to the immediate guidance to the subordinates to ensure the
execution of assigned work and optimum utilization of resources to achieve
organizational goal.
• Motivation is the process of stimulating or encouraging subordinates towards
assigned job by providing financial and non financial incentives.
• Leadership is the art of influencing the behavior or attitude and performance of
subordinates. Leadership is ability to persuade others to work willing to achieve the
desired goal L = f (Lfs).
• Coordination is the process of orderly arrangement of group efforts to provide
unity of action to achieve common goal.
• Communication: Process of exchanging ides, opinion, knowledge , information to
avoid risk and uncertainty.