The Child and

Adolescent
Learners and
Learning
Principles
Rodolfo C. Del Rosario MP, LpT,RpM,RPsy
 UNIT 1 : LEARNER-CENTERED
PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES (LCP)

In this module, challenge yourself to:

1.Explain the 14 principles

2.Advocate for the use of the 14 principles in
the teaching-learning process
3.Identify ways on how to apply the 14
principles in instruction as s future teacher
The learner is the center of
instruction. The world of instruction
revolves around the learner. This
module introduces you to the
fourteen (14) learner-centered
principles which shall be used
throughout this book as a guide in
determining appropriate pedagogy for
learners at different life stages.
 Cognitive
and
Metacognitiv Motivational and
e Factors Affective Factors
(6 (3 principles)
principles)
14
Learner-Centered
Principles
Developmental
and Social Factors Individual
(2 principles) Difference Factors
(3 principles)
LEARNER-CENTERED PSYCHOLOGICAL
PRINCIPLES
The Learner-Centered Psychological Principles were put
together by the American Psychological Association. The
following 14 psychological principles pertain to the
learner and the learning process. The 14 principles have
the following aspects;

* They focus on psychological factors that are primarily

INTERNAL to and under the control of the learner rather
than conditioned habits or psychological factors.
However, the principles also attempt to acknowledge
EXTERNAL environment or contextual factors that
interact with these internal factors.
LEARNER-CENTERED PSYCHOLOGICAL
PRINCIPLES
The principles are intended to deal HOLISTICALLY with
learners in the context of real-world learning situations.
Thus, they are best understood as an organized set of
principles; NO principle should be viewed in isolation.

Finally, the principles are intended to apply to all

learners- from children, to teachers, to administrators,
to parent and to community members involved in our
educational system.
LEARNER-CENTERED PSYCHOLOGICAL
PRINCIPLES
• COGNITIVE AND METACOGNITIVE FACTORS

1. NATURE OF LEARNING PROCESS

- The learning of complex subject matter is most
effective when it is an intentional process of
constructing meaning from information and
experience.
2. GOAL OF LEARNING PROCESS
- The successful learner, over time and with support and
instructional guidance, can create meaningful, coherent
representations of knowledge.
LEARNER-CENTERED PSYCHOLOGICAL
PRINCIPLES
• COGNITIVE AND METACOGNITIVE FACTORS

3. CONSTRUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE

- The successful learner can link information with

existing knowledge in meaningful ways.

4. STRATEGIC THINKING
- The successful learner can create and use a repertoire
of thinking and reasoning strategies to achieve complex
learning goals.
LEARNER-CENTERED PSYCHOLOGICAL
PRINCIPLES
• COGNITIVE AND METACOGNITIVE FACTORS

5. THINKING ABOUT THINKING

- Higher order strategies for selecting and monitoring

mental operations facilitate creative and critical
thinking.

6. CONTEXT OF LEARNING
- Learning is influenced by environmental factors,
including culture, technology, and instructional
practices.
• MOTIVATIONAL AND AFFECTIVE FACTORS

7. MOTIVATIONAL AND EMOTIONAL INFLUENCES ON

LEARNING
- What and how much is learned is influenced by the
learner’s motivation. Motivation to learn, in turn, is
influenced by the individual’s emotional states,
beliefs, interests and goals, and habits of thinking.

8. INTRINSIC MOTIVATION TO LEARN

- The learner’s creativity, higher-order thinking and
natural curiosity all contribute to motivation to learn.
Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by tasks of optimal
novelty and difficulty, relevant to personal interest, and
providing for personal choice and control.
• MOTIVATIONAL AND AFFECTIVE FACTORS

9. EFFECTS OF MOTIVATION ON EFFORT

- Acquisition of complex knowledge and skills requires
extended learner effort and guided knowledge practice.
Without learner’s motivation to learn, the willingness to
exert this effort is unlikely without coercion.
• DEVELOPMENTAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS

10. DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCES ON LEARNING

- As individuals develop, there are different
opportunities and constraints for learning. Learning is
most effective when differential development within
and across physical, intellectual, emotional and social
domains is taken into account.

11. SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON LEARNING

- Learning is influenced by social interactions,
interpersonal relations, and communication with others.
• INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN LEARNING

12. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN LEARNING.

- Learners have different strategies,
approaches and capabilities for learning that
are a function of prior experience and heredity.

13. LEARNING AND DIVERSITY

- Learning is most effective when differences
in learners’ linguistic, cultural, and social
backgrounds are taken into account.
• INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES FACTORS

14. STANDARDS AND ASSESSMENT

- Setting appropriately high and challenging
standards and assessing the learner as well as
learning progress-including diagnostic, process
and outcome assessment –are integral parts of
the learning process.
 SUMMARY OF THE 14 PRINCIPLES AND
DISTILLED INTO FIVE AREAS:
1. THE KNOWLEDGE BASE
- One’s existing knowledge serves as
foundation of all future learning.
- The learner’s previous knowledge will
influence new learning specifically on how
he/she represent new information, makes
associations and filters new experiences.
 SUMMARY OF THE 14 PRINCIPLES AND
DISTILLED INTO FIVE AREAS:
1. THE KNOWLEDGE BASE
- One’s existing knowledge serves as
foundation of all future learning.
- The learner’s previous knowledge will
influence new learning specifically on how
he/she represent new information, makes
associations and filters new experiences.
 SUMMARY OF THE 14 PRINCIPLES AND
DISTILLED INTO FIVE AREAS:
2. STRATEGIC PROCESSING AND CONTROL
- Learner’s can develop skills to reflect and
regulate their thoughts and behaviors in order
to learn more effectively. (metacognition)
 SUMMARY OF THE 14 PRINCIPLES AND
DISTILLED INTO FIVE AREAS:
3. MOTIVATION AND AFFECT

- Factors such as intrinsic motivation (from

within), reasons for wanting to learn, personal
goals and enjoyment of learning tasks all have a
crucial role in the learning process.
 SUMMARY OF THE 14 PRINCIPLES AND
DISTILLED INTO FIVE AREAS:
4. DEVELOPMENT AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

- Learning is a unique journey for each person

because each learner has his own unique
combination of genetic and environmental
factors that influence him.
 SUMMARY OF THE 14 PRINCIPLES AND
DISTILLED INTO FIVE AREAS:
5. SITUATION OR CONTEXT
- Learning happens in the context of a society as
well as within an individual.
 QUIZ

Direction: Identify the principle of the

following concepts.

1. It is influenced by the individual’s

emotional states, beliefs, interests and
goals, and habits of thinking.
2. The successful learner can link
information with existing knowledge in
meaningful ways.

3. Learning is most effective when

differences in learners’ linguistic, cultural,
and social backgrounds are taken into
account.
4. Higher order strategies for selecting
and monitoring mental operations
facilitate creative and critical thinking.

5. One’s existing knowledge serves as

foundation of all future learning.
 QUIZ

Direction: Identify the principle of the

following concepts.

1. It is influenced by the individual’s

emotional states, beliefs, interests and
goals, and habits of thinking. PRINCIPLE
7
2. The successful learner can link
information with existing knowledge in
meaningful ways.
PRINCIPLE 3

3. Learning is most effective when

differences in learners’ linguistic, cultural,
and social backgrounds are taken into
account.
PRINCIPLE 13
4. Higher order strategies for selecting
and monitoring mental operations
facilitate creative and critical thinking.
PRINCIPLE 5

5. One’s existing knowledge serves as

foundation of all future learning.
PRINCIPLE 1