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Lecture 11 Hydrographs

The document provides an overview of hydrographs, which are continuous graphs depicting stream flow properties over time, typically transformed from stage hydrographs using rating curves. It discusses the components of hydrographs, factors affecting their shape, and the concepts of unit hydrographs, including their derivation and application for predicting flood peaks. Additionally, it covers methods for converting hydrograph durations and includes numerical problems for practical understanding.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
8 views27 pages

Lecture 11 Hydrographs

The document provides an overview of hydrographs, which are continuous graphs depicting stream flow properties over time, typically transformed from stage hydrographs using rating curves. It discusses the components of hydrographs, factors affecting their shape, and the concepts of unit hydrographs, including their derivation and application for predicting flood peaks. Additionally, it covers methods for converting hydrograph durations and includes numerical problems for practical understanding.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

HYDROGRAPHS
LECTURE 11
2
HYDROGRAPHS

 A hydrograph is a continuous graph showing the properties of stream


flow with respect to time
 Normally obtained by means of a continuous strip recorder that
indicates stage versus time (stage hydrograph) and is then
transformed to discharge hydrograph by use of rating curve.
 The term hydrograph generally means discharge hydrograph
 The hydrograph is a result of the physiological and hydrometerological
effects of watershed
3
COMPONENT ELEMENTS OF
HYDROGRAPH

1. Direct surface runoff


2. Interflow
3. Ground water or base flow
4. Channel precipitation
4
DEFINITIONS OF HYDROGRAPH
Discharge

Crest Segment

e
urv

Hydrograph in period

Fa
c
t ra o r

of no DRO and where

ll
ti o n

i ng
b

no reservoir regulation
C o n ng l i m

Li m
exists reflects
ce n

discharge from ground


b
i
Ris

water

Point of inflection Point of rise (where Time


(where DRO ceases) DRO starts)
5
RUNOFF FORMATION FROM A RAIN
EVENT

Precipitatio Depression Detention Formation Channel


Abstraction
n storage storage of rivulets flow
6
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SHAPE OF
HYDROPGRAPH

 Climatic Factors  Topographic and geologic Factors


 Rainfall intensity  Catchment size
 Rainfall duration  Catchment shape
 Distribution of rainfall on the  Distribution of water courses/ drainage
basin  Slope of the catchment
 Direction of storm movement  Geology of the catchment
 Land use
 Land cover
7
DIRECTION OF STORM MOVEMENT
EFFECT
8
SHAPE OF CATCHEMENT EFFECT
9
SHAPE OF CATCHEMENT EFFECT
10
DRAINAGE OF WATERSHED
11
LAND COVER
12
HYDROGRAPH AND TIME RELATIONS

 Time base: Time from which the concentration curve begins (point of
rise) until the direct runoff ceases.
13
HYDROGRAPH AND TIME RELATIONS

 Lag time or Basin Lag: difference in time between center of mass of


effective rainfall and center of mass of runoff produced. Or
 Time interval from the maximum effective rainfall to peak rate of
runoff.
14
HYDROGRAPH AND TIME RELATIONS

 Time of concentration: the concentration time is the time required,


with uniform rain for 100% of a tract of land to contribute to the direct
runoff at the outlet. Or the time for runoff to arrive at the outlet from
the remote most point after the rain ceased .
15
HYDROGRAPH SEPARATION

 Hydrograph separation means to separate base flow and DRO in a


hydrograph as a basis for further analysis techniques
 Several methods of base flow separation are used when exact amount
of base flow is unknown. Such as
 Constant Discharge method/ Horizontal line method
 Constant slope method
 Fixed base time method
 Concave method
16
UNIT HYDROGRAPHS

 Unit hydrograph is a direct runoff hydrograph resulting from one unit


(one inch or one cm) of constant intensity uniform rainfall occurring
over the entire watershed.
 The concept of unit hydrograph is based on linear systems theory and
follows the principles of superposition and proportionality.
 It is incorrect to describe a unit hydrograph without specifying the
duration, of the storm that produced it
 An x hours unit hydrograph means a direct runoff hydrograph having
1.0 inch volume resulting from an x hours storm having a steady
intensity 1/x in per hour
17
APPLICATION OF UNIT HYDROGRAPH

 A unit hydrograph is used for the prediction of flood peak and time to
peak in the stream at a particular section due to any amount of
effective precipitation
 Application of an x-hour unit hydrograph to rainfall excess amounts
more than 1 unit is accomplished just by multiplying the excess amount
by the unit hydrograph ordinates
 For example, a 3 hours rain event producing 2.0” effective precipitation
would have runoff rates 2 times of a 3-hours unit hydrograph. Similarly
a 3- hours storm having 0.5” net precipitation would produce runoff
rates half of the 3 hours unit hydrograph.
 This assumption of proportional flows applies only to equal duration
storms
18
ASSUMPTIONS OF UNIT
HYDROGRAPH

 Following are the assumptions while deriving the unit hydrograph:


 Precipitation amount and intensity is uniform over the entire watershed
 Precipitation intensity remains uniform throughout the storm
 Base length of the hydrograph DRO for a particular catchment resulting from
a storm of given duration is approximately the constant
 Entire watershed is treated as a single unit
19
DERIVATION OF UHG
Da • To develop a unit hydrograph it is desirable to acquire as many rain fall records as possible
ta
Col • These can be obtained from the published data by meteorological department
lec
tio
n
Pr
eli • Storms occurring individually , simple storm structure
mi • Storms having uniform distribution of rainfall throughout the rainfall excess period
na • Storms having uniform spatial distribution of rainfall
ry
sel
ect
ion
Fu • Duration of rain event should be approximately 10-30% of lag time of the basin
rth
er
• DRO volume should be 0.5-1.75 units
sh • Suitable number of storms should be analyzed to obtain average ordinates
ort
list
Co
ing
nv • Separation of the components of hydrograph i.e., DRO and Base flow
ers • Direct runoff ordinates of each storm should be reduced so that each event represents 1 unit of
ion
of DRO
DR • Final UHG of a specific duration can be obtained by averaging ordinates of selected ordinates
O
to
20
NUMERICAL PROBLEM

Determine UHG ordinates if effective precipitation is 1.4 in for this storm. And each time
unit is 1.5 hours.

Time Total Baseflow Time Total Baseflow


(units) Runoff (cfs) (units) Runoff (cfs)
(cfs) (cfs)
1 110 110 7 293 113
2 122 122 8 202 112
3 230 120 9 160 110
4 578 118 10 117 105
4.7 666 116 10.5 105 105
5 645 115 11 90 90
6 434 114 12 80 80
21
NUMERICAL PROBLEM

 Using the hydrograph developed in last problems derive a DRO


hydrograph of a storm event as given below.

1.7 1.2
0.7 ” ”

Each time unit is 1.5 hours
22
CONVERSION OF UHG DURATION

 Unit hydrograph developed by procedure outlined earlier is applicable


only for a specified duration of storm
 The application to storms of larger or smaller duration might be
required sometimes
 Instead of making hydrograph for the new duration there are two more
methods
 Lagging method
 S-curve Method
23
LAGGING METHOD

 The method of “lagging” is based on the assumption that linear response of the watershed is
not influenced by previous storms
 one can superimpose hydrograph offset in time and flows are directly additive
 if a hydrograph of 1 hour is given, hydrograph for 2 hours duration can be obtained by plotting
two 1 hour UHG with second UHG 1 hour lagged, adding ordinates and dividing by two
 Lagging procedure is restricted to the multiples of the original duration according to the
expression
D1 : possible durations of UHG by lagging method
D : Original duration of UHG
n : 1,2,3,…. D1=nD
24
S-CURVE METHOD

 Construction of any duration of unit hydrograph


 Lagging system is the same as described in last method
 A unit hydrograph is assumed to repeat indefinitely
 Continuous lagging of UHG is comparable to a continuously applied
rainfall at a certain intensity
 The cumulative addition of the initial UHG ordinates at time intervals
equal to unit storm duration results in a S-hydrograph
 Maximum discharge of S-hydrograph occurs at time D hours that is less
than time base of the storm
25
S-CURVE METHOD
26
S-CURVE METHOD

 Any duration t UHG may be obtained if we have a D hours UHG


 Simply lag the first S-hydrograph of D hours UHG by a second S-
hydrograph a time interval equal to t hours
 Subtract the ordinates of second S-hydrograph by the first one
 And multiply these ordinate with a factor D/t
27
NUMERICAL PROBLEM

 Give the following 2-hr UHG, use S-curve procedures to construct a 3-


hr UHG.

Time Q (cfs)
(hours)
0 0
1 100
2 250
3 200
4 100
5 50
6 0

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