CE04: MECHANICS OF

DEFORMABLE BODIES
ENGR. LORENZO CARANGUIAN
 COURSE OUTLINE
CHAPTER 1: STRESS CHAPTER 2: STRAIN
2.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 AXIAL DEFORMATION; STRESS-STRAIN
1.2 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES; STRESS
DIAGRAM
1.3 AXIALLY LOADED BARS
a. Normal (axial) strain
a. Centroidal (axial) loading
b. Tension Test
b. Saint Venant’s principle
c. Working stress and factor of safety
c. Stresses on inclined planes
2.3 AXIALLY LOADED BARS
d. Procedure for stress analysis
2.4 GENERALIZED HOOKE’S LAW
1.4 Shear Stress
a. Uniaxial loading; Poisson’s ratio
1.5 Bearing Stress
b. Multiaxial loading
c. Shear loading
2.5 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE PROBLEMS
2.6 THERMAL STRESSES
 COURSE OUTLINE
CHAPTER 3: TORSION CHAPTER 4: SHEAR AND MOMENT IN BEAMS

3.1 INTRODUCTION 4.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 TORSION OF CIRCULAR SHAFTS 4.2 SUPPORTS AND LOADS

a. Simplifying assumptions 4.3 SHEAR-MOMENT EQUATIONS AND SHEAR MOMENT

DIAGRAMS
b. Compatibility
a. Sign conventions
c. Equilibrium
b. Procedure for determining shear force and bending moment
d. Torsion formulas diagrams

e. Power transmission 4.4 AREA METHOD FOR DRAWING SHEAR-MOMENT DIAGRAMS

f. Statically indeterminate problems a. Distributed loading

3.3 TORSION OF THIN-WALLED TUBES b. Concentrated forces and couples

4.5 MOVING LOADS
COURSE OUTLINE
CHAPTER 5: STRESSES IN BEAMS
5.1 BENDING STRESS
a. Simplifying assumptions
b. Compatibility
c. Equilibrium
5.2 ECONOMIC SECTIONS
a. Standard structural shapes
5.3 SHEAR STRESS IN BEAMS
a. Analysis of flexure action
b. Horizontal shear action
c. Vertical shear stress
INTRODUCTION
The three fundamental areas of engineering mechanics are
statics, dynamics, and mechanics of materials. Statics and dynamics
are devoted primarily to the study of the external effects upon rigid
bodies-that is, bodies for which the change in shape (deformation)
can be neglected. In contrast, mechanics of materials deals with the
internal effects and deformations that are caused by the applied
loads. Both considerations are of paramount importance in design. A
machine part or structure must be strong enough to carry the
applied load without breaking and, at the same time, the
deformations must not be excessive.
 1.2 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL
FORCES; STRESS
Following physically meaningful names:
P: The force component that is perpendicular to the cross
section, tending to elongate or shorten the bar, is called the
normal force.
V: The force component lying in the plane of the cross
section, tending to shear (slide) one segment of the bar
relative to the other segment, is called the shear force.
T: The component of the resultant couple that tends to twist
FIG.1 Deformations produced (rotate) the bar is called the twisting moment or torque..
by the components of internal
forces and couples. M: The component of the resultant couple that tends to
bend the bar is called the bending moment.
 INTRODUCTION
The deformations produced by these internal forces and internal couples are shown in
Fig. 1.
Up to this point, we have been concerned only with the resultant of the internal force
system. However, in design, the manner in which the internal forces are distributed is
equally important. This consideration leads us to introduce the force intensity at a
point, called stress, which plays a central role in the design of load-bearing members.
Figure 2 (a) shows a small area element A of the cross section located at the arbitrary
point O. We assume that R is that part of the resultant force that is transmitted across
A, with its normal and shear components being P and V, respectively. The stress vector
acting on the cross section at point O is defined as

FIG. 2 Normal and shea

stresses acting on the section
Eq. 1 Eq. 2
O are defined in Eq. (2)
1.3 AXIALLY LOADED BARS
AXIAL LOAD
When the load us placed at the center of the cross-sectional area:
TWO TYPES OF AXIAL LOADS
TENSION LOAD (+) : The Tendency of the member is to elongate.

COMPRESSION LOAD (-): The Tendency of the member is to shorten.

1.3 AXIALLY LOADED BARS
NOTE:
AXIAL STRESS is also called NORMAL STRESS .
P=N P = LBs
A = mm2 A = in2
= N/mm2 = MPa = LBs / in2 = Psi

Where: (SIGMA) = Axial Stress

P = Axial Load
A = Cross-Sectional Area
PROBLEM NO.1
The bar ABCD in Fig. (a) consists of three cylindrical steel segments, each with a
different cross-sectional area. Axial loads are applied as shown. Calculate the
normal stress in each segment.
PROBLEM NO.2
For the truss shown in Fig. (a), calculate the normal stresses in (1) member AC; and
(2) member BD. The cross-sectional area of each member is 900 mm2.
PROBLEM NO.3
Figure (a) shows a two-member truss supporting a block of weight W. The cross-
sectional areas of the members are 800 mm2 for AB and 400 mm2 for AC.
Determine the maximum safe value of W if the working stresses are 110 MPa for AB
and 120 MPa for AC.
PROBLEM NO.4
The figure shows the landing gear of a light airplane. Determine the compressive
stress in strut AB caused by the landing reaction R = 20 kN. Neglect the weights of
the members. The strut is a hollow tube, with 40-mm outer diameter and 30-mm
inner diameter
 1.4 SHEAR STRESS
SHEAR STRESS: The load is tangent or parallel to the area on which it acts. Shear
stress arises whenever the applied loads cause one section of a body to slide
past its adjacent sections.

(a) (b) (c)

SINGLE SHEAR IN A RIVET DOUBLE SHEAR IN A BOLT SHEAR IN A METAL
PRODUCED BY A POUNCH
1.5 BEARING STRESS
If two bodies are pressed against each other, compressive forces are developed
on the area of contact. The pressure caused by these structure loads is called
bearing stress.

(c)
(a) (b)
BEARING STRESS CAUSED BY THE
RIVET IN A LAP JOINT BEARING STRESS IS NOT
BEARING FORCE Pb IS ASSUMED TO BE
CONSTANT
UNIFORM ON PROJECT AREA td
PROBLEM NO.5
The lap joint shown in Fig. (a) is fastened by four rivets of 3/4-in. diameter.
Find the maximum load P that can be applied if the working stresses are 14 ksi
for shear in the rivet and 18 ksi for bearing in the plate. Assume that the
applied load is dis- tributed evenly among the four rivets, and neglect friction
between the plates.
PROBLEM NO.6
A circular hole is to be punched in a plate that has a shear strength of 40 ksi.
The working compressive stress for the punch is 50 ksi.
(a) Compute the maximum thickness of a plate in which a hole 2.5 in. in
diameter can be punched.
(b) If the plate is 0.25 in. thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole
that can be punched.
PROBLEM NO.7
The bell crank, which is in equilibrium under the forces shown in the figure, is
supported by a 20-mm-diameter pin at D that is in double shear. Determine (a)
the required diameter of the connecting rod AB, given that its tensile working
stress is 100 MPa; and (b) the shear stress in the pin.
PROBLEM NO.8
The 20-mm-diameter bolt fastens two
wooden planks together. The nut is
tightened until the tensile stress in the
bolt is 150 MPa. Find the smallest safe
diameter d of the washers if the working
bearing stress for wood is 13 MPa.
PROBLEM NO.9
The figure shows a roof truss and the detail of the connection at joint B.
Members BC and BE are angle sections with the thicknesses shown in the
figure. The working stresses are 70 MPa for shear in the rivets and 140 MPa for
bearing stress due to the rivets. How many 19-mm-diameter rivets are
required to fasten the fol- lowing members to the gusset plate: (a) BC; and (b)
BE?