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Subroutines (1)

Subroutines are self-contained code segments that can be called from anywhere in a program, designed to reduce code duplication. There are two types of subroutines: Procedures, which do not return a value, and Functions, which do return a value. Additionally, variables can be classified as local, limited to the subroutine they are declared in, or global, accessible throughout the entire program.

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3 views6 pages

Subroutines (1)

Subroutines are self-contained code segments that can be called from anywhere in a program, designed to reduce code duplication. There are two types of subroutines: Procedures, which do not return a value, and Functions, which do return a value. Additionally, variables can be classified as local, limited to the subroutine they are declared in, or global, accessible throughout the entire program.

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zayanmahmood2008
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Subroutines

Chapter 8
Subroutines

• A subroutine is a self-contained piece of code that has an identifier(name) and using that identifier(name) it can be called from

anywhere in the main program.

• When a problem is decomposed into sub-system, each of the sub-system, can be written as a subroutine.

• Subroutines are useful because they reduce code.

• There are two types of subroutine: Procedure and Function

• Procedure and function can both receive one or more values as parameters.

• These are values that are sent to the subroutine from the calling part of the program.
Key Words Key Words Key Words Key Words
Subroutine: Procedure: Function: Parameter:

a self-contained a subroutine a subroutine a value that is


piece of code that does not that does return sent to a
that has an return a value a value to the subroutine.
identifier and to the program program.
can be called that called it.
from elsewhere
in a program.
Procedure

• Procedure: A procedure runs the code inside it and does not return a value to the program that called it. It can be
called from other parts of the program using their name.

• Consider an example of a system that stores the height and


• The pseudocode definition of a procedure is: width of two rectangles and calculates their area. The system
also outputs the Area with a suitable message.

PROCEDURE calculate_area(length:
PROCEDURE Identifier() // procedure INTEGER, width: INTEGER)
header area ← length * width
OUTPUT "The area is “, area
codes to run inside the ENDPROCEDURE
function // procedure body
# Calling the procedure in program:
ENDPROCEDURE calculate_area(5, 3)
calculate_area(6, 3)
# Calling the procedure in program

Pseudocode for Procedure


Function

• Function: A function returns a value to the program that called it. This can be done by using the RETURN keyword. Once
a value is returned, the function stops running.

• Functions can be called from other parts of the program using their name, and their return value can be stored in a
variable.
• Consider an example of a system that stores the height and
width of two rectangles and calculates their area. The system
• The pseudocode definition of a function is:
also outputs the area with a suitable message.

FUNCTION Identifier() // function FUNCTION calculate_area (length: INTEGER,


header width: INTEGER) RETURNS INTEGER
codes to run inside the area ← length * width
function // function body RETURN area
RETURN value ENDFUNCTION
ENDFUNCTION
// Calling function in the main program
# Calling function in the main PRINT(calculate_area(5, 3))
program PRINT(calculate_area(6, 3))

Pseudocode for Function


Local and Global variable

Local variable Global variable

• A local variable can only be  A global variable can be used by


used by the part of the program any part of a program – its scope
it has been covers the whole program.
declared in – its scope is  In most language, it is declared at
restricted to that part of the the top of the program.
program.
• It is declared inside the
subroutine where it is needed.

• Scope of a variable is the areas within a program where the variable can be accessed.
Example

Output

Main program

Procedure

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