LEARNING

OUTCOMES :
 DATA TYPES
 OPERATORS
 MUTABLE AND IMMUTABLE TYPES
 EXPRESSION
DATA
TYPES
Data type in Python specifies the type of data we are going to
store in any variable, the amount of memory it will take and
type of operation we can perform on a variable. Data can be
of many types e.g. character, integer, real, string etc.
Python supports following data types:
 Numbers ( int, float, complex)
 String
 List
 Tuple
 Dictionary
NUMBER
S
From the name it is very clear the Number data types are used
to store numeric values. Numbers in Python can be of
(i) following
Integers types:
a) Integers(signed)
b) Booleans
(ii Floating point
) numbers
(iii Complex Numbers
)
INTEGER
S
Integers allows to store whole numbers only and there is no
fraction parts.
Integers can be positive and negative e.g. 100, 250, -12, +50
There are two integers in Python:
1) Integers(signed) : it is normal integer representation of whole
numbers. Integers in python can be on any length, it is only
limited by memory available. In Python 3.x int data type can
be used to store big or small integer value whether it is
+ve or – ve.
2) Booleans: it allows to store only two values True and False. The
internal value of boolean value True and False is 1 and 0
resp. We can get boolean value from 0 and 1 using
bool() function.
INTEGER
S
>>>boo
l(1) True
>>>int(F
alse) 0
>>>str(Fal
se) # str() function is used to convert
„False‟ argument to string type.
FLOATING POINT
NUMBERS
It allows to store numbers with decimal points. For e.g. 2.14. The
decimal point indicate that it is not an integer but a float
value. 100 is an integer but 100.5 is a float value. In Previous
chapter we have already discussed float values can be of
type type:
1. Fractional Form : 200.50, 0.78, -12.787
2.
>>>xExponent it means
= 1.5E2 Form : # is represented
1.5 x 102with mantissa and
exponent. For e.g which is 150
>>>print(x)
>>>y=12.7865 # 150.0
4E04 #
>>>print(y) 127865.
4
FLOATING POINT
NUMBERS
Floating point number are mainly used for storing values like
distance, area, temperature etc. which have a fractional
part.
Floating point numbers have two advantage over integers:
 they can represent values between the integers
 they can represent a much greater range of values
But floating point numbers suffers from one disadvantage also:
 Floating point operations are usually slower than integer
operations.

In Python floating point numbers represent

machine level double precision floating point
numbers i.e. 15 digit precision.
COMPLEX
NUMBERS
−1. Both
Python represent complex numbers in the form A+Bj. To
numbers,
represent Python uses j or J in place of i.
imaginary
So in Python j = and imaginary parts are real
of type float
e.g.
a = 0 + 6j
b = 2.5 + 3J
>>>a=4+5j
>>>prin #
t(a) (4+5j)
>>>b=0 #(
+2j 2j)
>>>b
COMPLEX
NUMBERS
Python allows to retrieve real and imaginary part of complex
number using attributes: real and imag
If the complex number is a then we can write a.real or
a.imag
Example
>>>a=1+3.54j
>>>print(a.r #
eal) 1.0
>>>print(a.i #
mag) 3.54
STRIN
G
In previous chapter we have already discussed about string.
Let us recall the things:
1. String is a collection of any valid characters in a quotation
marks ( „ or “ )
2. Each character of String in Python is a Unicode character
3.Strings are used to store information like name, address,
descriptions. Etc For example:
“hello”, „welcome‟, “sales2018”, “[email protected]”
 STRIN
G
In Python string is a sequence of characters and each character
can be individually access using index. From beginning the
first character in String is at index 0 and last will be at len-1.
From backward direction last character will be at index -1
and first character will be at –len.
Forward
indexing
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
messag W E L C O M E
e -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

Backward
indexing
STRIN
G
To access individual character of String (Slicing). we can
use the syntax:
StringName[index position]
>>>stream=“Science”
>>>print(strea
m[0]) S
>>>print(strea
m[3]) e
>>>print(strea
m[-1]) e
STRIN
G
What will be the
output:
>>>stream=“Science”
>>>print(stream[5]) #Outpu
>>>print(stream[-4]) t1
>>>print(stream[- #Outpu
len(stream)]) t2
>>>print(stream[8]) #Outpu
t3
#Outpu
t4
STRIN
G
We cannot change the individual letters of string by assignment
because string in python is immutable and hence if we try to
do this, Python will raise an error “object does not support
Item assignment”
>>>name=“Ronaldo”
>>>name[1]=„i‟ # error

However we can assign string to another string. For e.g

>>>name=“Ronaldo”
>>>name=“Bekham” # no error
LISTS AND
TUPLES
Lists and Tuples are compound data types i.e. they allows to
store multiple values under one name of different data
types.
The main difference between Lists and Tuples is List can be
changed/modified i.e. mutable type whereas Tuples cannot be changes
or modified i.e. immutable type.
Let us take this with example:
Lists: A list in python represents a list of comma-separated values
of any data type between square brackets.
[10,20,30,40,50]
[„a‟,‟e‟,‟o‟,‟i‟,‟u‟]
[“AIT”,208004,97.5]
EXAMPLES -
>>>
LIST
family=["Mom","Dad","Sis","Bro"]
>>> family
['Mom', 'Dad', 'Sis', 'Bro']
>>> print(family)
['Mom', 'Dad', 'Sis', 'Bro']
>>>
Employee=["E001","Naman",50000,
10.5]
>>> Employee
['E001', 'Naman', 50000, 10.5]
>>> print(Employee)
['E001', 'Naman', 50000, 10.5]
EXAMPLES -
The values stored in List are internally numbered from 0 onwards.
LIST
i.e. first element will be at position 0 and second will be at
1 and so on.

>>> Employee=["E001","Naman",50000,10.5]
>>> print(Employee[1])
Naman
>>> Employee[2]=75000
>>> print(Employee)
['E001', 'Naman', 75000, 10.5]
You can check the number of items in list using len() function
>>> print(len(Employee))
4
TUPLE
S
Tuples as those list which cannot be changed i.e. not
modifiable. Tuples are defined inside parenthesis and
values separated by comma
Example:
>>> favorites=("Blue","Cricket","Gajar Ka Halwa")
>>> student=(1,"Aman",97.5)
>>> print(favorites)
('Blue', 'Cricket', 'Gajar Ka Halwa')
>>>
print(student)
(1, 'Aman',
97.5)
TUPLE
S
Like List, Tuples values are also internally numbered from 0 and so
on.
>>>
print(favorites[1]
) Cricket
>>>
print(student[2])
97.5
>>> student[2]=99
>>> student[2]=99 # Error, tuple does not support assignment
i.e. immutable
DICTIONA
Dictionary is another feature of Python. It is an unordered set of
RY
comma separated
key:value pairs. Dictionary Items are defined in Curly
Brackets { }
Keys defined in Dictionary cannot be same i.e. no two keys can be
same.
>>> student={'Roll':1,'Name':"Jagga",'Per':91.5}
>>>print(student)
>>> # Key name can be string /
>>> print(student['Per'])
val={1:100,2:300,4:90 numeric
91.5
0}
>>> print(val[1])
Dictionary is mutable. i.e. We can modify dictionary
100
elements.
>>>val[2]=1000
>>>print(val) # {1: 100, 2: 1000, 4: 900}
 DATA TYPE
SUMMARY
Core Data
types

Numbe Non Sequenc Mappin

rs e es gs
Floatin
Intege Compl Strin Tupl Lis Dictiona
g
rs point ex g e t ry

Boolea
n
MUTABLE AND IMMUTABLE
TYPES
Python data object can be broadly categorized into two types –
mutable and immutable types. In simple words
changeable/modifiable and non-modifiable types.
1. Immutable types: are those that can never change their value in
place. In python following types are immutable: integers, float,
Boolean, strings, tuples
Sample Code:
a = 10
c= # will give output
b =15a 10,10,30
From this code, you can say the value of integer a, b,c
a= could be changed effortlessly, but this is not the case.
20 Let us understand what was done behind the
b= scene
40
c=
b
 IMMUTABLE TYPES
Note: In python each value in memory is assigned a memory address.
So each time a new variable is pointing to that value they will be
assigned the same address and no new memory allocation. Let us
understand the case.

valu
e
10 15 20 21 40 55
addres 250 27 28 284 290 312
s 2 0
>>> a=10
a=
>>> b=a
10
>>> c=15
b=a
>>>
c=
print(id(a))
15 a b c
1757402304
>>>
Python provides id() function to print(id(b))
get theaddress to which value 1757402304
memory
>>>
/variable is
print(id(c))
 IMMUTABLE TYPES
Now let us understand the changes done to a = 20
variable a, b,c b = 40
c=b

valu
e
10 15 20 21 40 55
addres 250 272 280 284 290 312
272 284
s
>>> a=20
>>> b=40
>>> c=b
>>>
a b print(id(a))
c 1757402464
>>>
Python provides id() function to print(id(b))
get the memory address to which 1757402784
value /variable referring
is >>>
print(id(c))
IMMUTABLE
TYPES
From the previous code it is clear that variable names are stored
references to a value-object. Each time we change the value the
variable‟s reference memory address changes. So it will not store
new value in same memory location that‟s why Integer, float,
Booleans, strings and tuples are immutable.
Variables (of certain type) are NOT LIKE storage containers i.e. with fixed
memory address where value changes every time. Hence they are
immutable
MUTABLE
TYPE
Mutable means in same memory address, new value can be stored
as and when it is required. Python provides following mutable
types:
1. Lists
2. Dictionaries
3. Sets (using List)
Examples:
>>> See, even if
employee=["E001","Rama","Sales",6700 we change
0] the value, its
reference
>>> print(id(employee)) memory
71593896 address has
>>> employee[3]=75000 remained
>>> print(id(employee)) same
71593896
>>>
VARIABLE
INTERNALS
Python is an object oriented language. So every thing in python is
an object. An object is any identifiable entity that have some
characteristics/properties and behavior. Like integer values are
object – they hold whole numbers only(characteristics) and
they support all arithmetic operations (behavior).

Every python object has three key attributes associated with it:
1. type of object
2. value of an object
3. id of an object
TYPE OF AN
OBJECT
type of an object determines the operations that can be performed
on the object.
Built – in function type() returns the type of an object
Example:
>>> a=100
>>> type(a)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(100)
<class 'int'>
>>> name="Jaques"
>>> type(name)
<class 'str'>
VALUE OF AN
OBJECT
The data items stored in the object is a value of object. The
value stored in an object is a literals. We can using print() to
get the value of an object
Example:
>>> a=100
>>> print(a)
100
>>> name="Kallis"
>>> print(name)
Kallis
>>>
ID OF AN
OBJECT
It is the memory address of any object. Although id is dependent
upon the system where it is installed but in most cases it
returns the memory location of the object. Built in function
id() returns the id of an object
Example:
>>> a=5
>>> id(5)
1911018608
>>> print(id(a))
1911018608
>>>
OPERATOR
S
are symbol that perform specific operation when applied on
variables.
look atTake
the a (Operator)
expression:
10 + 25
(Operands)

Above statement is an expression (combination of operator

and operands)

i.e. operator operates on operand.some operator requires

two
operand and some requires only one operand to operate
 TYPES OF OPERATORS -
ARITHMETIC
Binary Operators: are those operators that require two operand to
operate upon.
Following are some Binary operators:
Operator Action
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Remainder
** Exponent
// Floor division
TYPES OF OPERATORS -
ARITHMETIC
Unary Operators They require only one operand to operate like
unary + and – For e.g.
>>> a=5
>>> print(+a)
5
>>> print(-a)
-5
>>>
EXAMPLE – BINARY ARITHMETIC
OPERATOR
>>> num1=20
>>> num2=7
>>> val = num1
% num2
>>>
print(val)
6
>>> val
= 2**4
>>>
print(val)
16
EXAMPLE – BINARY ARITHMETIC
OPERATOR
>>> val =
num1 / num2
>>> print(val)
2.857142857142
857
>>> val =
num1 // num2
>>>
print(val)
2
JUST A
MINUTE…
What will be the output of following
code

>>> a,b,c,d = 13.2,20,50.0,49

>>> print(a/4)
>>> print(a//4)
>>> print(20**3)
>>> print(b**3)
>>> print(c//6)
>>> print(d%5)
>>> print(d%100)
JUST A
MINUTE…
What will be the output of
following code
>>> x,y=-8,-15
>>> print(x//3)
>>> print(8/-3)
->>> print(8//-3)
JUST A
MINUTE…
What will be the output of
following code
>>> x,y=-8,-15
-
>>> print(x//3) 3
>>> print(8/-3)
->>> print(8//-3)
JUST A
MINUTE…
What will be the output of
following code
>>> x,y=-8,-15
-
>>>
>>> print(x//3) 3
-
print(8/-3) 2.6666
->>> 5
print(8//-3)
JUST A
MINUTE…
What will be the output of
following code
>>> x,y=-8,-15
-
>>>
>>> print(x//3) 3
-
print(8/-3) 2.6666
->>> 5 --
print(8//-3) 3
JUST A
MINUTE…
What will be the output of
following code
>>> -11 // 5
>>> -11 % 5
>>> 11 % - 5
>>> 11 // -5
JUST A
MINUTE…
What will be the output of
following code -
>>> -11 // 5 3
>>> -11 % 5
>>> 11 % - 5
>>> 11 // -5
JUST A
MINUTE…
What will be the output of
following code -
>>> -11 // 5 3
4
>>> -11 % 5
>>> 11 % - 5
>>> 11 // -5
JUST A
MINUTE…
What will be the output of
following code -
>>> -11 // 5 3
4
>>> -11 % 5
-
>>> 11 % - 5 4
>>> 11 // -5
JUST A
MINUTE…
What will be the output of
following code -
>>> -11 // 5 3
4
>>> -11 % 5
-
>>> 11 % - 5 4
>>> 11 // -5 -
4
 TYPES OF OPERATORS –
AUGMENTED ASSIGNMENT
OPERATORS
It perform operation with LHS and RHS and result
Operator Action
will be assigned to LSH Example
+= RHS added to LHS and result assigned to x+=5 means
LHS x=x+5
-= RHS minus to LHS and result assigned to LHS x-=5 means x=x-5
*= RHS multiply to LHS and result assigned to x*=5 means x=x*5
LHS
/= LHS divided by RHS and result x/=5 means x=x/5
assigned to LHS(FLOAT)
%= LHS divided by RHS and remainder assigned x%=5 means x=x
to LHS %5
**= RHS power to LHS and result assigned to LHS x**=5 means
x=x**5
//= LHS divided by RHS and result assigned to x//=5 means x=x//5
LHS (INT)
 TYPES OF OPERATORS –RELATIONAL
OPERATOR
Are used to compare two values and return the result as True or
False depending upon the result of comparison
Operator Action Example
< Less than 50<45 returns False, 40<60 returns
True
> Greater than 50>45 returns True, 40>60 returns
False
<= Less than or equal to 50<=50 returns True, 80<=70 returns
False
>= Greater than or equal to 40>=40 returns True, 40>=90 returns
False
== Equal to 80==80 returns True, 60==80 returns
False
!= Not equal to 45!=90 returns True, 80!=80 returns
False
FEW POINTS TO REMEMBER -
 For numeric types, the values are compared after removing trailing
COMPARISONS
zeros after decimal point from floating point number. For
example 6 and 6.0 will be treated as equal.
 Capital letters (ASCII code 65-90) are considered as less than
small letters (ASCII code 97-122).
 >>>‟Hello‟<„hello‟ # will give result true
 In string be careful while comparison, because special characters
are also assigned to some ASCII code. Like ASCII code of space
is 32, Enter is 13.
 >>>‟Hello‟ ==„ Hello‟ # false, because there is space before
H in second string
 Like other programming language, In Python also we have to be
very careful while comparing floating value because it may
gives you unexpected result. So it is suggested not to use
equality testing with floating values.
COMPARISON WITH FLOATING
VALUES
>>> 0.1 + 0.1+ 0.1 == 0.3
Will return False
How?
Let us check the value of 0.1+0.1+0.1
>>>print(0.1+0.1+0.1)
Output :- 0.30000000000000004
That‟s why 0.1 + 0.1+ 0.1 == 0.3 is False
Reason: In python floating numbers are approximately presented in
memory in binary form up to the allowed precision 15 digit. This
approximation may yield unexpected result if you are comparing
floating value using equality
RELATIONAL OPERATOR WITH ARITHMETIC
OPERATORS
Relational operator have lower priority than arithmetic operators,
So if any arithmetic operator is involved with relational
operator then first arithmetic operation will be solved then
comparison .
For example
>>>a,b,c = 10,20,30
>>>a+10 > b-10
Result : True
Here Comparison will be 20>10
WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENCE?
If the value of a is 100 , What is the difference between the
below 2 statements
Statement >>> a = = 60
1: >>> a = 60
Statement
2:
IDENTITY
OPERATOR
These operators are used to check if both object are pointing to
same memory address or not.

Operator Usage Description

is a is b Return True, if both operands are
pointing to same memory location,
otherwise False
is not a is not b Return True, if both operands are not
pointing to same memory location,
otherwise False
EXAMPLE OF IDENTITY
OPERATORS
>>> a
= 10
>>> b
= 10
>>> a is #
>>>
b c
= 20 True
>>> a is #
c
False
>>> a is
not c #
True
True
>>> c -
=10
>>> a is
c
EQUALITY(==) VS
IDENTITY(IS)
When we compare two variables pointing to same value, then
both Equality (==) and identity (is) will return True.
>>> a ,b = 10, 10
>>>a = #
=b True
>>>a is #
b True
But in few cases, when two variables are pointing to same value
== will return True and is will return False
EXAMPL
E
>>> s1 = "AIT‟
>>>s2 = input("Enter any
String‟) Enter any String:
AlIT s1 =
>>> #
= s2 True
>>> s1 is #
s2
False
#
>>>s3 = True
“AIT‟
>>>s1 is
s3
FEW CASES-PYTHON CREATES TWO
DIFFERENT OBJECT THAT STORE THE
SAME VALUE
 Input of String from the console
 Dealing with large integer value
 Dealing with floating point and
complex literals
LOGICAL VALUE – ASSOCIATION WITH
OTHER TYPE
In python every value is associated with Boolean value True
or False. Let us See which values are True and False

False values True values

None
False All other values
are considered
Zero (0) as true
Empty Sequence “ “, [],
(), {}
LOGICAL
OPERATORS
Python supports 3 logical operators : and , or, not
or operator : it combines 2 expressions, which make its
operand. The or
operator works in 2 ways:
(i) Relational expression as operand
(ii) Numbers or string or lists as operand
RELATIONAL EXPRESSION AS
OPERANDS
When relational expression is used as operand then or operator
return True if any expression is True. If both are False then only
or operator will return False.
>>> (5>6) or #
(6>5) True
>>> (4==4) or #
(7==9)
True
>>> (6!=6) or
(7>100 #
False
 NUMBERS/STRINGS AS
OPERANDS
When numbers/strings are used as operand then output will be
based on the internal Boolean value of number/string. The
result will not be the True or False but the value used with or.
However internal value of result will be True or False.

>>> (0) or (0) #0

>>> (0) or (10) #
>>> (4) or (0.0) 10 >>> 20>10 or
>>>Ait”
“ or “ ” #4 8/0 >5
>>> (9) or (7) # >>> 20<10 or
>>> “abc‟ or "xyz‟
Ait 8/0 >5
#9
#
abc
and operators: it combines 2 expressions, which make
its operand. The and operator works in 2 ways:
(i) Relational expression as
operand
(ii) Numbers or string or lists
as operand
RELATIONAL EXPRESSION AS
OPERANDS
When relational expression is used as operand then and
operator return True if both expressions are True. If any
expression is False then and operator will return False.
>>> (8>6) and #
(6>5) True
>>> (4==4) and #
(7==9)
False
>>> (7!=6) and
(10+10>18) #
True
 NUMBERS/STRINGS AS
OPERANDS
When numbers/strings are used as operand then output will be
based on the internal Boolean value of number/string. The
result will not be the True or False, but the value used with
and. However internal value of result will be True or False.

>>> (0) and (0) #0

>>> (0) and (10) #0
>>> (4) and #0 >>> 20<10 and
(0.0) # ”” 8/0 >5
>>> “ait‟ and ““ #7 >>> 20>10 or 8/0
>>> (9) and (7) #
>5
>>> „abc‟ and xyz
„xyz‟
 CHAINED
COMPARISON
Python can chain multiple comparisons which are like shortened
version of larger Boolean expressions. In python rather than writing
10<20 and 20<30, you can even write 10<20<30, which is chained
version of 10<20 and 20<30.
Suppose you want to check age is greater than or equal to 13 and less
than or
equal to 19 then you can write using chain of condition like:
13<=age<=19

Suppose you want to check A is greater than B and C, you can write
using chain of
condition like:
B<=A>=C
 BITWISE OPERATORS
Python provides another category of operators – Bitwise
operators. Similar to logical operators except it works on
binary representation of actual data not on its decimal
value. Operations
Operators Use Description
& Bitwise and Op1 & Op2 It compares two bits and
generate a result of 1 if
both bits are 1; otherwise it
return 0
| Bitwise or Op1 | Op2 It compares two bits and
generate a result of 1 if any
bits are 1; otherwise it
return 0
^ Bitwise xor Op1 ^ Op2 It compares two bits and
generate a result of 1 if
either bit is 1; otherwise if
both Operand are 1 or 0 it
will return False
~ Bitwise ~Op1 The Compliment operator is
compliment used to invert all of the
bits of the operand
EXAMPLES -
&
>>> a =
10
>>> b = #
12
0b101
>>>
bin(a) 0

>>> #0b110
bin(b) 0 #8
>>> a & #
b 0b100
>>> bin(a 0
& b)
EXAMPLES -
|
>>> a =
10
>>> b = #
12
0b101
>>>
bin(a) 0

>>> #0b110
bin(b) 0 #8
>>> a | b #
>>> bin(a 0b111
& b) 0
EXAMPLES -
^
>>> a =
10
>>> b = #
12
0b101
>>>
bin(a) 0

>>> #0b110
bin(b) 0 #6
>>> a ^ #
b 0b011
>>> bin(a 0
& b)
EXAMPLES -
~
>>> a
= 10
>>> b #
= 12
0b101
>>>
bin(a) 0

>>> #0b110
0 is#
First the binary of a i.e. 10
bin(b) - now using ~ operator it will
1010,
>>> invert all the bits so bits
11 will be 0101 , Now Python will find
2‟s compliment of bits as : 1011 and result will be -ve
~a
Reason
:-
OPERATOR
PRECEDENCE
Operators Description Associativity
() Parenthesis Left-to-right
** Exponent Right-to-left
~x Bitwise compliment Left-to-right

+x, -x Positive or negative Left-to-right

*, /, //, % Arithmetic operator Left-to-right
+, - Add, Sub Left-to-right
& Bitwise & Left-to-right
^ Bitwise XOR Left-to-right
| Bitwise OR Left-to-right
<,<=,>,>=,<>,!=,==, is, is Comparison & Identity Left-to-right
not
not x Boolean Not Left-to-right
and Boolean AND Left-to-right
or Boolean OR Left-to-right
ASSOCIATIVITY OF
OPERATORS
It is the order in which an expression having multiple operators of
same precedence is evaluated. Almost all operators have left-
to-right associativity except exponential operator which has
right-to-left associativity.
For example if an expression contains multiplication,
division and modulus then
they will be evaluated from left to right. Take a look on
example:
>>> 8 * 9 /11 //2
>>> (((8*9) / 11) // 2)
>>> 8 * ((9/11)//2)
>>> 8 * (40/ (11//2))
ASSOCIATIVITY OF
OPERATORS
It is the order in which an expression having multiple operators of
same precedence is evaluated. Almost all operators have left-
to-right associativity except exponential operator which has
right-to-left associativity.
For example if an expression contains multiplication,
division
>>> 8 * and9 modulus then 3.
they will be evaluated from left to 0
/11 //2 right. Take a look on
example:
>>> (((8*9) /
11) // 2)
>>> 8 *
((9/11)//2)
>>> 8 * (40/
(11//2))
ASSOCIATIVITY OF
OPERATORS
It is the order in which an expression having multiple operators of
same precedence is evaluated. Almost all operators have left-
to-right associativity except exponential operator which has
right-to-left associativity.
For example if an expression contains multiplication,
division
>>> 8 * and9 modulus then 3.
they will be evaluated from left to 0
/11 //2 right. Take a look on
3.
example:
>>> (((8*9) / 0
11) // 2)
>>> 8 *
((9/11)//2)
>>> 8 * (40/
(11//2))
ASSOCIATIVITY OF
OPERATORS
It is the order in which an expression having multiple operators of
same precedence is evaluated. Almost all operators have left-
to-right associativity except exponential operator which has
right-to-left associativity.
For example if an expression contains multiplication,
division
>>> 8 * and9 modulus then 3.
they will be evaluated from left to 0
/11 //2 right. Take a look on
3.
example:
>>> (((8*9) / 0
0.
11) // 2)
0
>>> 8 *
((9/11)//2)
>>> 8 * (40/
(11//2))
ASSOCIATIVITY OF
OPERATORS
It is the order in which an expression having multiple operators of
same precedence is evaluated. Almost all operators have left-
to-right associativity except exponential operator which has
right-to-left associativity.
For example if an expression contains multiplication,
division
>>> 8 * and9 modulus then 3.
they will be evaluated from left to 0
/11 //2 right. Take a look on
3.
example:
>>> (((8*9) / 0
0.
11) // 2)
0
64.
>>> 8 *
0
((9/11)//2)
>>> 8 * (40/
(11//2))
ASSOCIATIVITY OF
OPERATORS
An expression having multiple ** operator is evaluated from
right to left. i.e. 3 ** 4 ** 2 will be evaluated as 3 ** (4
** 2) not (3 **4) ** 2
Guess the output
>>> 3** 4 ** 2
>>> 3 ** (4 ** 2)
>>> (3**4) ** 2
ASSOCIATIVITY OF
OPERATORS
An expression having multiple ** operator is evaluated from
right to left. i.e. 3 ** 4 ** 2 will be evaluated as 3 ** (4
** 2) not (3 **4) ** 2
>>>
Guess3**
the4output 4304672
1
** 2
>>> 3 **
(4 ** 2)
>>> (3**4)
** 2
ASSOCIATIVITY OF
OPERATORS
An expression having multiple ** operator is evaluated from
right to left. i.e. 3 ** 4 ** 2 will be evaluated as 3 ** (4
** 2) not (3 **4) ** 2
>>>
Guess3**
the4output 4304672
1
** 2
4304672
>>> 3 ** 1
(4 ** 2)
>>> (3**4)
** 2
ASSOCIATIVITY OF
OPERATORS
An expression having multiple ** operator is evaluated from
right to left. i.e. 3 ** 4 ** 2 will be evaluated as 3 ** (4
** 2) not (3 **4) ** 2
>>>
Guess3**
the4output 4304672
1
** 2
4304672
>>> 3 ** 1
(4 ** 2) 656
>>> (3**4) 1
** 2
EXPRESSIO
N
We have already discussed on expression that is a
combination of operators, literals and variables (operand).
The expression in Python can be of any type:
1) Arithmetic expressions
2) String expressions
3) Relational expressions
4) Logical expressions
5) Compound expressions
ARITHMETIC
EXPRESSION
10 + 20
30 % 10

RELATIONAL
EXPRESSION
X>Y
X<Y<Z
LOGICAL
EXPRESSION
a or b
not a and
not b x>y
and y>z
STRING
EXPRESSION
>>> “python” + #pythonprogram
“programming” ming
>>> “python” * 3 #pythonpythonpy
thon
EVALUATING EXPRESSION -
ARITHMETIC
 Executed based on the operator precedence and associativity
 Implicit conversion takes place if mixed type is used in
expression

IMPLICIT CONVERSION (COERCION)

An implicit conversion is a conversion performed by the
interpreter without programmer‟s intervention. It is applied
generally whenever differing types are intermixed in an
expression, so as not to lose information.
The rule is very simple, Python convert all operands up to the
type of the largest operand(type promotion)
IMPLICIT CONVERSION
(COERCION)
If both arguments are standard numeric types, the following
coercions are
applied:
 If either argument is a complex number, the other is
converted to complex
 Otherwise, if either a argument is a floating number, the
other is converted to floating point
 No conversion if both operand are integers
EXAMPLE –
OUTPUT?
n1=10
n2=5
n4=1
0.0
n5=4
1.0
A=(n1+n2)/
n4
B=n5/n4 *
n1/2
print(A)
print(B)
EXAMPLE –
OUTPUT?
n1=10
n2=5
n4=1
0.0
n5=4
1.0
A=(n1+n2)/
1.5
n4
B=n5/n4 *
n1/2
print(A)
print(B)
EXAMPLE –
OUTPUT?
n1=10
n2=5
n4=1
0.0
n5=4
1.0
A=(n1+n2)/
1.5
n4
B=n5/n4 * 20.5
n1/2
print(A)
print(B)
FIND THE
OUTPUT?
a) a,b =
10,5
c=b/
a

b)
a,b =
10,5 c
= b // a

c)
a,b =
10,5 c
=b%
EVALUATING EXPRESSION -
RELATIONAL
 Executed based on the operator precedence and
associativity
 All relational expression yield Boolean value True,
False
 for chained comparison like – x<y<z is equivalent
to x<y and y<z
(i) a,b,c = (ii) a,b,c = 42,
OUTPUT?
20,42,42 20,20
If inputs are
print(a<
b)
print(b<
=c)
print(a>
b<=c)
EVALUATING EXPRESSION -
LOGICAL
 Executed based on the operator precedence and
associativity
 Executed in the order of not, and , or
 Logical operators are short-circuit
operators

OUTPUT?
(10<20) and (20<10) or (5<7) and not 7<10
and 6<7<8
TYPE
CASTING
We have learnt in earlier section that in an expression with mixed
types, Python internally changes the type of some operands
so that all operands have same data type. This type of
conversion is automatic i.e. implicit conversion without
programmer‟s intervention
An explicit type conversion is user-defined conversion that forces
an expression to be of specific type. This type of explicit
conversion is also known as Type Casting.
Remember, in case of input() with numeric type, whatever input is given
to input() is of string type and to use it as a number we have to
convert it to integer using int() function. It is an explicit conversion
or Type Casting.
Syntax: - datatype(expression)
TYPE CASTING -
EXAMPLES
>>> num1 = int(input(“Enter any number “))
d = float(a) # if a is of int type then it will be
converted to float
OUTPUT
(i) int(17.8) #7
(ii) int(“20”) # 20
(iii float(17) # 17.0
) complex(1 # 17
(iv 7) + 0j
)
complex( #2+
(v)
2,7) 7j #
(vi
str(13)
(viii)bool(0
) „13‟
)str(0o19) #
(vi
(ix)
i) bool(„ „17‟
a‟) #
False
MATH MODULE OF
PYTON
Other than build-in function, Python provides many more function
through modules in standard library. Python provides math
library that works with all numeric types except for complex
numbers
To use standard math library we have to import the library in
our python program using import statement

import math

math library contains many functions to perform mathematical

operations like finding square root of number, log of number,
trigonometric functions etc.
 SOME MATHEMATICAL
S.No
FUNCTION
Function Prototype Description Example
1 ceil() math.ceil(num It returns the math.ceil(2
) number rounded .3) Ans- 3
to next integer
2 floor() math.floor(nu It returns the number math.floor(2
m) rounded to previous .3) Ans- 2
integer
3 fabs() math.fabs(nu Returns the absolute math.fabs(
m) value -4) Ans – 4
i.e. number without sign
4 pow() math.pow(b,e) Return the value of (b)e math.pow(2.3
)
Ans- 8
5 sqrt() math.sqrt(nu It returns the square math.sqrt(1
m) root of number 44) Ans- 12
6 sin() math.sin(num) Returns the sin value of math.sin(ma
number th.
radian(90))
Ans- 1.0
SOME MATHEMATICAL
FUNCTION
The math module of Python also contains two useful
constant pi and e
math. gives you the value of constant π
pi
= 3.141592…
math.
So, whilegives
writing any formula which uses thee constant pi you
you the
e can use math.pi, like value of constant =
2.718281
area = math.pi * radius * radius
VALID ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION USING
MATH LIBRARY
(i) math.pow(8/4,2)
(ii math.sqrt(4*4+2*
) 2+3*3)
(iii 2+math.ceil(7.03)
)INVALID ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION

(i) 20+/4
(ii) 2(l+b)
(iii math.pow(0,-
) 1)
(iv math.log(-
)
5)+4/2
WRITE THE CORRESPONDING PYTHON EXPRESSION FOR
THE

𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
FOLLOWING MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION

+ 𝑐2
(i)

(ii) 2 – ye𝑞2y +
4y P 𝑟 + 4
(iii)

(iv) (cos𝑠x / tan

+

x) + x
(v) | e2 – x |
JUST A
MINUTE…
(i) What are data types? What are python built-
(ii) in datatypes Which data type of python
(iii handles Numbers?
)
Why Boolean considered a subtype
(iv
of integer? Identify the data types
)
(v)What is the difference between mutable and immutable
of the values:
data type? Give name of one data type belonging to each
5, 5j, 10.6, „100‟, “100”, 2+4j,
category
[10,20,30], (“a”,”b”,”c”),
(vi)What{1:100,2:200}
is the difference in output of the following ?
print(len(str(19//4)))
print(len(str(19/4))
JUST A
MINUTE…
(vii) What will be the output produced
by these? 12/4 14//14 14%4 14.0/4 14.0%
14.0//4
(viii) Given 4
two variable NM is bound to string “Malala”
(NM=“Malala”). What will be the output produced by following
two statement if the input given is “Malala”? Why?
MM = input(“Enter name :”)
Enter name : Malala
(a) NM == MM (b) NM is MM
JUST A
MINUTE…
(ix)What will be the output of following code? Why
(i)25 or len(25)
(ii)len(25) or 25
(x)What will be the output if input for both
statement is 6 + 8 / 2 10 == input(“Enter
value 1:”)
10==int(input(“Enter value 2:”)
(xi)WAP to take two input DAY and MONTH and then calculate
which day of the year the given date is. For simplicity take
month of 30 days for all. For e.g. if the DAY is 5 and MONTH is
3 then output should be “Day of year is : 65”