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Chapter 1 Intro to Statistics

The document provides an introduction to statistics, defining it as the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data. It outlines the two main types of statistics—descriptive and inferential—and discusses data types, common statistical terms, and the functions and limitations of statistics. The document also details the steps involved in a statistical investigation.

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2 views

Chapter 1 Intro to Statistics

The document provides an introduction to statistics, defining it as the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data. It outlines the two main types of statistics—descriptive and inferential—and discusses data types, common statistical terms, and the functions and limitations of statistics. The document also details the steps involved in a statistical investigation.

Uploaded by

Natay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Statistics

Chapter 1
Introduction
The word statistics represents two different
concepts when singular and plural

• When singular – Science of study


(statistical method)
•When plural- it meant data
(statistical data)
The difference can be identified with the context
Example
1.The statistics of AAUSC – plural

2. Statistics helps make life simple – singular


- The science statistics is defined as the branch of
science which is used for “collecting”,
“organizing”,
“analyzing” and “interpreting” numerical data to
understand any phenomenon.
Division (types) of statistics
• Descriptive statistics- Describe or summarize
large
mass of data in some clear and informative way

 Collect
 Organize
 Summarize
• Inferential
 Display statistics – makes inferences or
conclusions
 Analyze about parameters bases on sample
values
 Estimation
 Test hypotheses
 Make decisions
Data types – Two types
• Based on time
- Cross- sectional - Data collected for a fixed
period
of time from different sources or places.
- Time series – data collected for a series of time
period.
• Based on information contained
- Quantitative (variable) – measurable or countable
(can be expressed numerically)
Examples – salaries, family size, weight, age
- Qualitative – categorical or nominal (cannot be
measured or counted or cannot be expressed
numerically)

Examples- color, religion, nationality


• Based on its source
- Primary – collected by the researcher himself
directly from the population
- Secondary - obtained from other sources or
documents
Some common terms in statistics
• Data – it is simply a collection of facts
Or
Any quantitative or qualitative information

• Population - the set of all measurements for


which
the investigator is interested.
Or
Any group of items defined by some common
characteristics about which the investigator want
to obtain information.
Population is either finite or infinite with limited or
unlimited elements( members) in it
• Sample – Any finite subset of a population
• Parameter – Descriptive measure calculated from
a
population
Population mean
Population s.d
Population range - etc
• Statistic – Descriptive measure calculated from
a
sample
Sample mean
Sample s.d
Sample median - etc
Functions of statistics (merits)
Statistics in general renders the following functions or
services or uses
• Represent facts in a definite form(Clarify vague
ideas)
• Simplify complex mass of data
• Classify numerical data
• Furnishes techniques of comparison
• Interpret conditions( make inference)
• Planning, forecasting and decision making
These functions of statistics can be applied to any
field of study or human activities such as – in
business, economics, social science, biological
science, politics, religion etc
Steps in
Statistical statistical investigation
investigation or statistical inquiry
means a search for knowledge using statistical
methods

Statistical investigation takes the following steps


which are sometimes called stages of statistical
investigation.
• Identify the problem ( non- statistical)
• Collection of data about the problem (statistical)
• Organization of the collected data ( statistical)
• Analysis of data ( statistical)
• Interpretation of data – which is a possible solution of

the problem ( statistical)


• Writing-up and dissemination of the result
( non statistical)
Limitation of statistics (demerits)
In spite of the fact that statistics provides an
immunes contribution to modern world one has to
consider the following drawbacks or limitations
while working
• Statistics with statistics
mostly deals with numerical or
quantitative
data and not with qualitative data
• Deals with group characteristics and does not
give
importance to individual items
• Statistical data is only approximate and not
mathematically exact.
• Can be abused (misused) by individuals to
conclude
wrong results unless used by experts

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