Intel 8086

Microprocessor
Instruction Set Part-1
Instructions

o An instruction causes the circuit inside a processor to perform a set

of operations
o For example, instruction
MOV AX,BX
activates circuits to read from BX register and write that value to AX
register
o As we discussed in introduction, instructions written in mnemonics
are converted into binary, which controls muxes and encoders and
state machines inside processor with help of control logic
o Thus, control logic decodes an instruction 2
Instruction Set

o Set of all instructions supported by a processor

o Any program written in any programming language needs to be
ultimately converted to instructions from instruction set of that
processor to execute it
o All your word processing software, image editors, web browsers and
games are ultimately composed of these low-level instructions
o We use assemblers to convert assembly-level programs to binary
representation of instructions and compilers to convert high-level
language codes to binary instructions
o But your assemblers and compilers are also built using these
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instructions!!
Data Movement Instructions

o Data Movement instructions are used to transfer data between

registers, memory and I/O ports
1.MOV
Function: Copies data from a source to destination
Syntax: MOV destination, source
Eg: MOV AX, BX ;copy data from Bx register to Ax
MOV [5000], AX ;copy data from Ax register to
memory offset address 5000
MOV AL, [SI] ;copy one byte data pointed by
contents of ds:SI to AL register 4
Data Movement Instructions

2.XCHG
Function: Exchanges the contents of two operands
Syntax: XCHG destination, source
Eg: XCHG AX, BX ;swaps data between Ax and Bx
registers
XCHG [5000], AX ;swaps data between Ax register
and memory offset address 5000
XCHG AL, [SI] ;swaps one byte data pointed by
contents of ds:SI and AL register
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Data Movement Instructions

3.LEA
Function: Load Effective Address. Used to load a 16 bit register with
the effective offset address
Syntax: LEA 16-bit destination register, source
Eg: LEA BX, [SI+DI] ;store SI+DI in BX register
o This instruction is widely used for initializing pointers
o Note that the destination should be always a 16-bit register

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Arithmetic Instructions
o Arithmetic instructions are used to perform various arithmetic operations such
as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc.
o Based on the result, flag register bits are modified
1.ADD
Function: Adds two operands and stores the result in the destination operand
Syntax: ADD destination, source
Eg: ADD AX,BX ;adds data from Ax register to Bx
register and stores the result in Ax register
ADD AL,20 ;adds constant 20 to AL register and stores
result in AL register
ADD [BP],Bx ;add content of Bx register with memory
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pointed by BP and store result in memory pointed by BP
Arithmetic Instructions

2.ADC
Function: Adds two operands along with carry and stores the result in
the destination operand
Syntax: ADD destination, source
Eg: ADC AX,BX ;adds data from Ax register and Bx
Register wity carry and stores the result in Ax
register
ADC AL,20 ;adds constant 20 and AL register
with carry and stores result in AL register
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Arithmetic Instructions

3.SUB
Function: Subtracts source operand from destination and stores the
result in the destination operand
Syntax: ADD destination, source
Eg: SUB AX,BX ;subtracts BX register content from
Ax register and stores the result in Ax register
SUB AL,20 ;subtracts constant 20 from AL
register and stores result in AL register

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Arithmetic Instructions

4.SBB
Function: Subtracts source operand and borrow flag bit from
destination and stores the result in the destination operand
Syntax: SBB destination, source
Eg: SBB AX,BX ;subtracts BX and borrow bit from Ax
register stores result in AX register
SBB AL,20 ;subtracts constant 20 and borrow bit
from AL register and stores result in AL register

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Arithmetic Instructions

4.INC
Function: Increments (adds 1) to register or memory location
Syntax: INC destination
o When incrementing memory content, size of data must be described
using the BYTE PTR, WORD PTR directives
o INC instruction doesn’t affect the carry flag bit

Eg: INC BL
INC SP
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INC BYTE PTR[BX]
Arithmetic Instructions

5.DEC
Function: Decrements (subtracts 1) from register or memory location
Syntax: DEC destination
o When incrementing memory content, size of data must be described
using the BYTE PTR, WORD PTR directives
o DEC instruction doesn’t affect the carry flag bit

Eg: DEC BL
DEC SP
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DEC BYTE PTR[BX]
Arithmetic Instructions

6.CMP
Function: Compares two operands. Internally processor does a
subtraction
Syntax: CMP destination, source
o results are reflected in the flag register
Condition Zero flag Carry flag
destination==source 1 0
destination>source 0 0
destination<source 0 1

o A compare operation is usually followed by jump instruction

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Eg: CMP AX,BX
Arithmetic Instructions

7.MUL
Function: Performs unsigned multiplication
Syntax: MUL source
o One implicit operand will be always AX or AL (depending on size of
source) other could be memory or register but not immediate value
o If MUL is used with 8-bit operands, the 16-bit product will be stored
in AX register
o If MUL is used with 16-bit operands, the 32-bit product will be
stored in DX:AX register pair (DX upper 16 bits, AX lower 16 bits)
Eg: MUL BX 14
Arithmetic Instructions

8.IMUL
Function: Performs signed multiplication
Syntax: MUL source
o One implicit operand will be always AX or AL (depending on size of
source) other could be memory or register but not immediate value
o If IMUL is used with 8-bit operands, the 16-bit product will be stored
in AX register
o If IMUL is used with 16-bit operands, the 32-bit product will be
stored in DX:AX register pair (DX upper 16 bits, AX lower 16 bits)
Eg: IMUL BX 15
Arithmetic Instructions

9.DIV
Function: Performs unsigned division
Syntax: DIV source
o The dividend will be always AX register or DX:AX register pair and source
operand acts as the divisor
o Divisor could be memory or register but not immediate value
o If DIV is used with 8-bit source, the 8-bit quotient (AX/source) will be
stored in AL register and the 8-bit reminder (AL%source) in AH register
o If DIV is used with 16-bit source, the 16-bit quotient (DX:AX/source) will
be stored in AX register and 16-bit reminder (DX:AX%source) will be
stored in DX register 16

Eg: DIV BX
Arithmetic Instructions

10.IDIV
Function: Performs signed division
Syntax: IDIV source
o The dividend will be always AX register or DX:AX register pair and source
operand acts as the divisor
o Divisor could be memory or register but not immediate value
o If IDIV is used with 8-bit source, the 8-bit quotient (AX/source) will be
stored in AL register and the 8-bit reminder (AX%source) in AH register
o If IDIV is used with 16-bit source, the 16-bit quotient (DX:AX/source) will
be stored in AX register and 16-bit reminder (DX:AX%source) will be
stored in DX register 17

Eg: IDIV BX
Program Control Instructions

JUMP Group
o Allows the programmer to skip sections of a program and branch to
any part of the memory for the next instruction
o A conditional jump instruction allows decisions based upon
numerical tests
o Results of numerical tests are held in the flag bits, which are then
tested by conditional jump instructions
o Syntax: JMP_Instruction label (address)

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Program Control Instructions

JUMP Group
o Unconditional jump: Makes a jump without checking for any condition
o Syntax JMP Label (address)
o Short jump: 2 Byte instruction. Allows jump within memory address +127
to -128 bytes from the address of JMP instruction+2
o Near jump: 3 Byte instruction. Allows jump within -32KB to +32KB-1
from the address where jump instruction is stored (jump is within the
current code segment)
o Far jump: 5 Byte instruction. Allows jumping to anywhere in the memory
(1MB)
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Program Control Instructions

JUMP Group
o Conditional jump instructions: Makes a jump only if certain condition is
met
o A conditional jump instruction follows an arithmetic/logical instruction
Menumonic Tested Condition Operation
JA Z = 0 and C = 0 Jump if above
JAE C=0 Jump if above or equal
JB C=1 Jump if below
JBE Z=1 Jump if below or equal
JC C=1 Jump if carry
JE or JZ Z=1 Jump if equal or jump if
zero
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Program Control Instructions
Menumonic Tested Condition Operation
JG Z = 0 and S = 0 Jump if greater than
JGE S=0 Jump if greater than or
equal
JL S != 0 Jump if less than
JLE Z = 1 or S != 0 Jump if less than or equal
JNC C=0 Jump if no carry
JNE Z=0 Jump if not equal or jump
if not zero
JNO O=0 Jump if no overflow
JNS S=0 Jump if no sign (positive)
JNP or JPO P=0 Jump if no parity or jump
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if parity odd
Program Control Instructions
Menumonic Tested Condition Operation
JO O=1 Jump if overflow
JP or JPE P=1 Jump if parity or jump if
parity even
JS S=1 Jump if sign (negative)
JCXZ CX = 0 Jump if CX is zero

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Program Control Instructions

Eg: Add 5 1-byte data starting from memory 2000H

MOV CX,5 ;used as loop control
MOV AL,0 ;initialize accumulator to 0
MOV BX,2000 ;Will use as memory pointer
loop:
ADD AL,[BX]
INC BX
DEC CX
JNZ loop ;check loop variable became 0 23
Program Control Instructions

o In the example loop is a label

o They are used as a place holder for address
o It will be difficult to manually calculate the offset address for the
jump instruction
o Instead, we use a label to represent that address
o During assembling, assembler will replace the label with the
corresponding address

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 Thank you
any questions

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