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02-NumberSystems

The document discusses various number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal, highlighting their bases and digit representations. It explains how to convert numbers between these systems, particularly focusing on binary and its significance in computing. Additionally, it outlines the structure of binary numbers and their relation to computer architecture.

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4 views

02-NumberSystems

The document discusses various number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal, highlighting their bases and digit representations. It explains how to convert numbers between these systems, particularly focusing on binary and its significance in computing. Additionally, it outlines the structure of binary numbers and their relation to computer architecture.

Uploaded by

wb4kb8jbwb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Number Systems

1
Numbers

• Each number system is associated with a base or radix


– The decimal number system is said to be of base or radix 10

• A number in base r contains r digits 0,1,2,...,r-1


– Decimal (Base 10): 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

• Numbers are usually expressed in positional notation

– MSD: most significant digit


– LSD: least significant digit 2
Numbers

• The value of the number is given in the polynomial form

3
Numbers

In addition to decimal, three other number systems


are also important: Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal

4
Unsigned Binary Numbers

• The binary number system: Base-2


• Two digits: 0 and 1
• The digits in a binary number are called bits

– MSB: most significant bit


– LSB: least significant bit

5
Unsigned Binary Numbers

6
Unsigned Binary Numbers

• For a computer with the word size of 32-bit


- 4 data-bit unit – nibble (half byte)
- 8 data-bit unit - byte
- 16 data-bit unit – two bytes (half-word)
- 32 data-bit unit – word (four bytes)
- 64 data-bit unit – double-word
Powers of 2:
20 =1 24 =16 28 =256
21 =2 25 =32 29 =512
22 =4 26 =64 210 =1024
23 =8 27 =128

210 : K (kilo); 2 20 : M (mega); 230 : G ( giga )

7
Converting Binary to Decimal

• For example, here is 1101.01 in binary:


1 1 0 1 . 0 1 Bits
23 22 21 20 2-1 2-2 Weights (in base 10)

(1 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20) + (0 x 2-1) + (1 x 2-2)


=

8 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0.25 =
13.25

(1101.01)2 = (13.25)10

8
Converting Decimal to Binary

• To convert a decimal integer into binary, keep


dividing by 2 until the quotient is 0. Collect the
remainders in reverse order
• To convert a fraction, keep multiplying the fractional
part by 2 until it becomes 0. Collect the integer parts
in forward order
• Example: 162.375:
• So, (162.375)10 = (10100010.011)2
162 / 2 = 81 rem 0 0.375 x 2 = 0.750
81 / 2 = 40 rem 1 0.750 x 2 = 1.500
40 / 2 = 20 rem 0 0.500 x 2 = 1.000
20 / 2 = 10 rem 0
10 / 2 = 5 rem 0
5 / 2 = 2 rem 1
2 / 2 = 1 rem 0
9
1 / 2 = 0 rem 1
Why does this work?
• This works for converting from decimal to any
base
• Why? Think about converting 162.375 from
decimal to decimal

162 / 10 = 16 rem 2 0.375 x 10 = 3.750


16 / 10 =1 rem 6 0.750 x 10 = 7.500
1 / 10 =0 rem 1 0.500 x 10 = 5.000
• Each division strips off the rightmost digit (the
remainder). The quotient represents the
remaining digits in the number
• Similarly, to convert fractions, each
multiplication strips off the leftmost digit (the
integer part). The fraction
represents the remaining digits

10
Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers

• The octal number system: Base-8


• Eight digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
(127.4)8 182  2 81  7 80  4 8 1 (87.5)10

• The hexadecimal number system: Base-16


• Sixteen digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
• For our purposes, base-8 and base-16 are most
useful as a “shorthand” notation for binary numbers
( B65F )16 11 163  6 162  5 161  15 16 0 (46687)10

11
Numbers with Different Bases
Decim
Decim alal Binary
Binary Octal
Octal Hex
Hex
00 0000
0000 00 00
11 0001
0001 11 11
22 0010
0010 22 22 You can convert between base-10
33 0011
0011 33 33
base-8 and base-16 using
44 0100
0100 44 44 techniques
55 0101
0101 55 55 like the ones we just showed for
66 0110
0110 66 66
converting between decimal and
77 0111
0111 77 77
binary
88 1000
1000 10
10 88
99 1001
1001 1111 99
10
10 1010
1010 12
12 AA
1111 1011
1011 13
13 BB
12
12 1100
1100 14
14 CC
13
13 1101
1101 15
15 DD
14
14 1110
1110 16
16 EE
15
15 1111
1111 17
17 FF
12
Binary and Octal Conversions
• Converting from octal to binary: Replace each octal digit
with its equivalent 3-bit binary sequence
(673.12)8 = 6 7 3 . 1 2
= 110 111 011 . 001 010
= (110111011 .001010)
2

• Converting from binary to octal: Make groups of 3 bits,


starting from the binary point. Add 0s to the ends of the
number if needed. Convert each bit group to its
10110100.001011
corresponding =
octal2 digit. 010 110 100 . 001
0112
= 2 6 4 . 1 38
Octal Binary Octal Binary
0 000 4 100
1 001 5 101
2 010 6 110
3 011 7 111 13
Binary and Hex Conversions
• Converting from hex to binary: Replace each hex digit with its
equivalent 4-bit binary sequence
261.3516 = 2 6 1 . 3 516
= 0010 0110 0001 . 0011 01012

• Converting from binary to hex: Make groups of 4 bits, starting


from the binary point. Add 0s to the ends of the number if
needed. Convert each bit group to its corresponding hex digit
10110100.0010112 = 1011 0100 .
0010 11002
= B 4 . 2 C16
Hex Binary Hex Binary Hex Binary Hex Binary
0 0000 4 0100 8 1000 C 1100
1 0001 5 0101 9 1001 D 1101
2 0010 6 0110 A 1010 E 1110
3 0011 7 0111 B 1011 F 1111
14
Unsigned Binary Coded Decimal
(BCD)

15
Number Systems Summary
• Computers are binary devices
– We’re forced to think in terms of base 2.
– We learned how to convert numbers between binary,
decimal, octal and hexadecimal
• We’ve already seen some of the recurring themes
of architecture:
– We use 0 and 1 as abstractions for analog voltages.
– We showed how to represent numbers using just these
two signals.

16

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