What all is required to make a

working circuit?

● Batteries (Energy
source - AC or
DC)
● Wires
(Conductor)
● Switch
(Controller)
● Electrical Load
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/circuit-construction-kit-dc-
(Appliances)
virtual-lab/latest/circuit-construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab_en.html
 Boiler :
Battery/Cell
Water : Charges

Flow of water : Current

Radiator : A lamp (any
output)
 What makes the charge flow?
+ ++
CELL
- --
Valve 1 1

A Positiv Negati
e ve
B termin termin
al al
90oC 20oC Higher Lower
electric electric
potential potential

A B Potential Difference
Now what is a free electron ?
-
-
- -
-- - Electrostatic Force of
Attraction
n -
- - -
p WEAK
+
Nucle -
- us
- - - FREE ELECTRON
-
Depending on the number of free electrons,substances are
classified into :
CONDUCTORS INSULATORS SEMICONDUCTORS

⮚ Substances ⮚ Substances which do ⮚ Insulators that allow

which allow the not allow the charges to electricity to flow
charges to pass pass easily are called through them under
freely are called “INSULATORS”. specific conditions are
“CONDUCTORS”.
⮚ Conductors have ⮚ Insulators have less or called
large number of free practically no free “SEMICONDUCTORS”.
electrons. electrons.
⮚ e.g. Copper, Silver, ⮚ e.g. Glass, Rubber, ⮚ e.g.
Iron, etc. Wood, etc. Silicon,Germanium,
Gallium, etc.
 Why metals conduct
electricity?
Atoms in the state
of
vibration

Free electrons in
Let’s understand the flow of the state of random
motion
current through
4 a conductor
6

5 5
6
4
+ -
Conventional Flow of free
Current electrons
 HOW IS POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE CREATED BY THE
CELL?
High potential Low potential

+ _
Wire
A B

Insulated Insulated
stand stand
Potential
The electric potential difference between two points in an
Difference
electric field is defined as the amount of the work done in
moving a unit positive charge from one point to another
COULOMB S.I. unit of ELECTRIC CHARGE (Q)
(C) :
⮚ Two like point charges
⮚ Equal magnitudes
⮚ Placed in a vacuum
⮚Distance of one meter
1
_
+ m +
_
from each other 6 9 x 109 N 6

⮚ Repel each other

Vacuum
⮚ 9 x 10 N
9

⮚ Each charge is called

as “one coulomb”
 VOLT (V) S.I. unit of POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (V)
: W
Q
W
V Q
=

+ ▬ 1 volt = 1 joule
1 coulomb
V
The potential difference between two points is
said to be 1 volt , If 1 joule of work is done in
moving 1 coulomb of electric charge from one
point to another.
1 VOLTA 1
1mV = 1000 V = 103 V = 10-3 V
AMPERE S.I. unit of ELECTRIC CURRENT
(A)
Electric (I) : Q
I= t
Current :
Q
t
Electric = Electric Charge
Current Time
1 coulomb
1 ampere =
1 second
The amount of current flowing through a conductor
is one ampere,If one coulomb of charge is
AMPER
passing through any cross section of a conductor in
one second. 1 E
1
1mA = 1000 A = 10 A
3 = 10 -3
A
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, UNITS AND SYMBOLS
Sr. No. Physical Symb Unit Symb
1 quantity
Electric ol
Q coulom ol
C
charge b
2 Potential V
V volt
difference
3 Electric I amper A
current e
Formula
Q
I=
t

V= W
Q
 RESISTANCE

Resistance is a measure of
how difficult it is for an
electric current to flow
through a device or
component in a circuit.
Resistance= Potential
difference/current

R= V/I
Unit: ohms (Ω)
RESISTORS

Control the current

flowing through the circuit

Made from metal wire

usually alloys (of metals
with high resistance) or
made of carbon
 RESISTOR

A component in an electric circuit whose

resistance decreases the current flowing
through it
VARIABLE RESISTANCE

A resistor whose
resistance can be varied
as per the requirement
of the circuit
USES OF VARIABLE RESISTANCE
 TYPES OF VARIABLE RESISTORS

POTENTIOMETER RHEOSTAT
LIGHT-DEPENDENT
RESISTORS
(LDR)
A type of variable
resistance whose
resistance decreases
when light shines on it.
 LIGHT-DEPENDENT RESISTOR
● It is made up of material
that does not normally
● conduct well
In dark, it has high
resistance, over 1MΩ
● The resistance of the LDR
decreases upto 400Ω when
light is shone on it
● They are used to detect
the level of surrounding
● light
Also known as photo
resistor
 THERMISTOR

THERMally sensitive
resISTOR
A thermistor is a resistor
whose resistance is
dependent on
temperature.
 THERMISTORS

NTC PTC
NEGATIVE TEMPERATURE POSITIVE TEMPERATURE
COEFFICIENT COEFFICIENT

Resistance decreases Resistance increases

when temperature when temperature
increases increases
LOGO QUIZ
SBI
FASTRACK
ADIDAS
NESTLE
DABUR
Shell
Pizza hut
SYMBOLS OF
CIRCUIT
COMPONENTS
 SOME COMMONLY USED
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

CELL BATTERY
 switch
JUNCTION OF
CONDUCTORS
VOLTMETER

AMMETER
 GROUND/
EARTH

LAMP
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matching-activity-interactive-game-au-st-1663056628
OHM’S
LAW
The electric current flowing in a
metallic conductor is directly
proportional
to the potential difference
provided physical conditions of I α
across its terminals, OR V α
the conductor such as V =
V I
Length, constant
VI = V =
Area of cross section, R IR
Temperature and I
Material remain constant.
1) The resistance of the filament in a light bulb is 1000 Ω. If the bulb is fed
by a current from a source of potential difference 230 V, how much current
will flow through it?
R = 1000Ω V = 230 V
Formula I = V/R
I = 230 V/1000Ω = 0.23 A
The current flowing through the filament of the bulb = 0.23 A.
2) A current of 0.24 A flows through a conductor when a potential
difference of 24 V is applied between its two ends. What is its resistance?

V = 24 V, I = 0.24 A
Formula R = V/I
I = 24 V/0.24 A
R = 100Ω
The resistance of the conductor is 100Ω
SERIES AND PARALLEL
CIRCUITS
 SERIES CIRCUIT

All the components of the circuit are connected in

series, end to end, to form a single path for current
flow.
 RESISTANCE IN SERIES
CIRCUIT

The R = R 1 + R2 + R3
combined
resistance is
equal to the
sum of the
resistances
Total resistance= 1 + 2 + 6= 9Ω
 VOLTAGE IN SERIES
CIRCUIT

• The voltage gets divided

across the components of V=
the circuit V1+V2+V3
• The bigger the resistance,
the bigger the voltage
across it
• Sum of all the voltages
across the circuit is equal
to the source voltage
 FLOW OF CURRENT IN
SERIES CIRCUIT

The current is
the same at all
points around
the circuit for
a series circuit.
Voltage across each resistor = 12/3=
4V
Voltage across each resistor?

V1= 8V V2= 4V
Applications of series
circuit
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

All the components of the circuit are across each other,

to form multiple paths for current flow.
 RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL
CIRCUIT

The 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

effective
resistance is
less than
the
resistance
of either
resistors.
Total resistance= 12Ω
 VOLTAGE IN PARALLEL
CIRCUIT

The voltage
is same
across all the
components
of a parallel
circuit
 FLOW OF CURRENT IN
PARALLEL CIRCUIT

• The current gets divided

across the components
of the circuit
• The bigger the
resistance, the smaller
the current across it
• The current from the
source is greater than
the current through
either resistor
Total R=? Current through R1?
Current through R2? Total Current?
R= 7.5 ohm
Current through R1= 1.2A
Current through R2= 0.4A
Total I= 1.6A
Applications of parallel
circuit
 SOME IMPORTANT POINTS TO
REMEMBER
+- - A +( )
Ammeter should be connected in series with the
cell. + - V

+- - A + ( )
Voltmeter should be connected in parallel with the
cell.
Difference Between Series and Parallel Circuits
Series Parallel
The same amount of current The current flowing through each component
flows through all the combines to form the current flow through the source.
components
In an electrical circuit, In an electrical circuit, components are arranged
components are arranged in a parallel to each other
line
When resistors are put in a When resistors are put in a parallel circuit, the
series circuit, the voltage voltage across each of the resistors is the same. Even
across each resistor is different the polarities are the same
even though the current flow is
the same through all of them.
If one component breaks down, Other components will function even if one
the whole circuit will burn out. component breaks down, each has its own
independent circuit
If total V is the total voltage If total V is the total voltage then it is equal to
then it is equal to V1 + V2 +V3 V1=V2=V3